Data from: Bacterial biophotons as non-local information carriers: species-specific spectral characteristics of a stress response

Studies by Alexander Gurwitsch in the 1920’s with onion root cells revealed the phenomenon of mitogenetic radiation. Subsequent works by Popp, Van Wijk, Quickenden, Tillbury and Trushin have demonstrated a link between Gurwitsch’s mitogenetic radiation and the biophoton, emissions of light correlated with biological processes. The present study seeks to expand upon these works and explore whether biophoton emissions of bacterial cultures is used as an information carrier of environmental stress. Bacterial cultures (Escherichia coli and Serratia marcescens) were incubated for 24 h in 5 mL of Nutrient Broth to stationary phase and cell densities of ~107 cells/mL. Cultures of E. coli were placed upon a photomultiplier tube housed within a dark box. A second bacterial culture, either E. coli or S. marcescens, was placed in an identical dark box at a distance of 5 m and received injections of hydrogen peroxide. Spectral analyses revealed significant differences in peak frequencies of 7.2, 10.1, and 24.9 Hz in the amplitude modulation of the emitted biophoton signal with respect to whether a peroxide injection occurred or not, and whether the species receiving the injection was E. coli or S. marcescens. These and the subsequent results of discriminant functions suggest that bacteria may release biophotons as a non-local communication system in response to stress, and that these biophotons are species specific

TESSARO_NONLOCAL_BACTERIA

SPSS datafile of the extracted raw spectral frequencies and computed bins that were used for subsequent analyses

Ketamine Response.

<p>Beta1 (14Hz– 20Hz) SPD differences from the pre-injection period to the post-injection period for left hemispheric hippocampal bodies (HB) and parahippocampal gyri (PHG) exposed to various concentrations of ketamine (A). High frequency PDs computed from an average of beta1 (14Hz– 20Hz) and gamma (30Hz– 40Hz) SPD differences from the pre-injection period to the post-injection period for left hemispheric hippocampal bodies (HB) and parahippocampal gyri (PHG) exposed to 1nM ketamine compared to sham injection (B). Significant differences are indicated (p < .05).</p

When Is the Brain Dead? Living-Like Electrophysiological Responses and Photon Emissions from Applications of Neurotransmitters in Fixed Post-Mortem Human Brains

<div><p>The structure of the post-mortem human brain can be preserved by immersing the organ within a fixative solution. Once the brain is perfused, cellular and histological features are maintained over extended periods of time. However, functions of the human brain are not assumed to be preserved beyond death and subsequent chemical fixation. Here we present a series of experiments which, together, refute this assumption. Instead, we suggest that chemical preservation of brain structure results in some retained functional capacity. Patterns similar to the living condition were elicited by chemical and electrical probes within coronal and sagittal sections of human temporal lobe structures that had been maintained in ethanol-formalin-acetic acid. This was inferred by a reliable modulation of frequency-dependent microvolt fluctuations. These weak microvolt fluctuations were enhanced by receptor-specific agonists and their precursors (i.e., nicotine, 5-HTP, and L-glutamic acid) as well as attenuated by receptor-antagonists (i.e., ketamine). Surface injections of 10 nM nicotine enhanced theta power within the right parahippocampal gyrus without any effect upon the ipsilateral hippocampus. Glutamate-induced high-frequency power densities within the left parahippocampal gyrus were correlated with increased photon counts over the surface of the tissue. Heschl’s gyrus, a transverse convexity on which the primary auditory cortex is tonotopically represented, retained frequency-discrimination capacities in response to sweeps of weak (2μV) square-wave electrical pulses between 20 Hz and 20 kHz. Together, these results suggest that portions of the post-mortem human brain may retain latent capacities to respond with potential life-like and virtual properties.</p></div

Nicotine Response.

<p>Theta (4Hz– 7.5Hz) PDs as a function of nicotine concentration within the right parahippocampal gyrus (PHG) and hippocampus (HB). Significant differences from sham (Water) after correction (α = .005) are indicated.</p

Concentration Dependence: Glutamate.

<p>Gamma (30Hz– 40Hz) power within the left parahippocampal gyrus plotted as a function of concentration of the injected material.</p

5HTP Response: Right Parahippocampal Gyrus.

<p>Gamma (30Hz– 40Hz) PDs within the right parahippocampal gyrus as a function of the molar concentration of 5-HTP applied to the surface of coronal sections of human brain tissue. Significant differences are indicated (p>.05).</p

Glutamate Response.

<p>Global power (1.5Hz– 40Hz) within the left parahippocampal gyrus as a function of concentration of glutamate. A significant increase in mean global power after Bonferonni correction (α = .006) is indicated.</p

Coronal sections of human brain tissue fixed in EFA.

<p>Each section was equipped with a needle electrode inserted into the grey matter of the left parahippocampal gyrus (Pr) referenced (Ref) to the basilar artery (A). The hippocampal body (HB) and parahippocampal gyrus (PHG) served as the regions of interest (B). Cytoarchitecture of the hippocampal body fixed in EFA can be visualized under x40 (C) and x200 (D) magnification in stained (Toluidine Blue-O) sections.</p

5HTP Response: Right Hippocampus.

<p>Theta (4Hz– 7.5Hz) PDs within the right hippocampal gyrus as a function of the molar concentration of 5-HTP applied to the surface of coronal sections of human brain tissue. Significant differences are indicated (p>.05).</p