Desafios e oportunidades para a produção e consumo de carne nos próximos anos

Os organizadores autorizam a reprodução total ou parcial deste trabalho, para qualquer meio convencional ou eletrônico, para fins de estudo e pesquisa, desde que citada a fonte

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear un derstanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5–7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8–11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world’s most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepre sented in biodiversity databases.13–15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may elim inate pieces of the Amazon’s biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological com munities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple or ganism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region’s vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most ne glected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lostinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear understanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5,6,7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8,9,10,11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world's most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepresented in biodiversity databases.13,14,15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may eliminate pieces of the Amazon's biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological communities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple organism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region's vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most neglected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lost

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear understanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5,6,7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8,9,10,11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world's most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepresented in biodiversity databases.13,14,15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may eliminate pieces of the Amazon's biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological communities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple organism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region's vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most neglected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lost

COVID-19 symptoms at hospital admission vary with age and sex: results from the ISARIC prospective multinational observational study

Background: The ISARIC prospective multinational observational study is the largest cohort of hospitalized patients with COVID-19. We present relationships of age, sex, and nationality to presenting symptoms. Methods: International, prospective observational study of 60 109 hospitalized symptomatic patients with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 recruited from 43 countries between 30 January and 3 August 2020. Logistic regression was performed to evaluate relationships of age and sex to published COVID-19 case definitions and the most commonly reported symptoms. Results: ‘Typical’ symptoms of fever (69%), cough (68%) and shortness of breath (66%) were the most commonly reported. 92% of patients experienced at least one of these. Prevalence of typical symptoms was greatest in 30- to 60-year-olds (respectively 80, 79, 69%; at least one 95%). They were reported less frequently in children (≤ 18 years: 69, 48, 23; 85%), older adults (≥ 70 years: 61, 62, 65; 90%), and women (66, 66, 64; 90%; vs. men 71, 70, 67; 93%, each P < 0.001). The most common atypical presentations under 60 years of age were nausea and vomiting and abdominal pain, and over 60 years was confusion. Regression models showed significant differences in symptoms with sex, age and country. Interpretation: This international collaboration has allowed us to report reliable symptom data from the largest cohort of patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19. Adults over 60 and children admitted to hospital with COVID-19 are less likely to present with typical symptoms. Nausea and vomiting are common atypical presentations under 30 years. Confusion is a frequent atypical presentation of COVID-19 in adults over 60 years. Women are less likely to experience typical symptoms than men

Restructured beef with canola oil and antioxidant: development and sensory attributes

As indústrias do setor da carne têm buscado meios para agregar valor através da adição de ingredientes benéficos à saúde e pela utilização de cortes de baixo valor comercial. A produção de carnes reestruturadas e o uso de óleos vegetais em substituição a gordura animal são estratégicas tecnológicas, criando produtos mais adaptados as necessidades do consumidor em termos de conveniência, uniformidade, tamanho de porção, composição, fácil preparação e alimentação saudável. Portanto, objetivou-se avaliar as características quantitativas e qualitativas e a vida útil de bifes reestruturados desenvolvidos com músculo Triceps brachii (miolo da paleta), utilizando a enzima transglutaminase, antioxidante e adição de óleo de canola, de acordo com os tratamentos: (1) controle, (2) adição de 5% de óleo de canola, (3) adição de eritorbato de sódio e (4) adição de 5% óleo de canola + eritorbato de sódio. A carne foi cortada e processada com 1% de NaCl, 0,3% de tripolifosfato de sódio, 1% de enzima transglutaminase e 10% de gordura da carne. Ainda no misturador foram adicionados 5% de óleo de canola (2 e 4) e 0,05% de antioxidante (3 e 4). Os bifes foram embalados á vácuo individualmente e armazenados congelados a -18°C por até 120 dias. Foram analisados: composição centesimal, pH, perdas durante o descongelamento e cozimento, análise instrumental da cor, teor de colesterol, oxidação lipídica, textura e análise sensorial Os valores de pH foram maiores (P<0,05) aos 120 dias de armazenamento congelado, independente dos tratamentos. A adição de óleo de canola afetou (P<0,05) a composição centesimal dos bifes, com exceção do teor de cinzas que não se alterou (P>0,05). A maior perda de cozimento foi encontrada nos bifes reestruturados formulados com antioxidante mais óleo de canola (23,66%), diferindo (P<0,05) do bife reestruturado somente com antioxidante que apresentou a menor perda (16,34%), porém não deferiram dos tratamentos controle e com óleo de canola. Não houve diferença (P>0,05) para oxidação lipídica entre os tratamentos aos 0 e 30 dias de armazenamento, já aos 60, 90 e 120 dias, houve diferença (P<0,05), onde os tratamentos sem adição de antioxidante tiveram os maiores resultados para TBARS. O tratamento com canola (2) também diferiu do tratamento controle (1) apresentando menores valores de TBARS aos 90 e 120 dias de armazenamento. A adição do óleo de canola e do antioxidante afetou (P<0,05) o teor de colesterol na carne reestruturada crua, aumentou a luminosidade (L*) e intensidade do amarelo (b*), mas não influenciou a intensidade de vermelho (a*). Os tratamentos com adição de óleo de canola apresentaram os menores valores de dureza. Os bifes reestruturados com adição de óleo de canola e eritorbato de sódio possuem propriedades físico-químicas e sensoriais aceitáveis, podendo ser comercializado como um produto de preparo rápido e possivelmente com maior valor agregado.The meat sector industries are looking for ways to add value by adding ingredients beneficial to health and by use the cuts of low commercial value. The restructured meat production and use vegetable oils in place of animal fat are strategic technology, creating products more adapted to the needs of the consumer in terms of convenience, uniformity, portion size, composition, easy preparation and healthy eating. Therefore, the objective was to evaluate the quantitative and qualitative characteristics and shelf life of the restructured beef developed with Triceps brachii, using the enzyme transglutaminase, antioxidant and addition of canola oil, according to the following treatments: (1) control, (2) added 5% canola oil, (3) added of sodium erythorbate and (4) added of 5% canola oil + sodium erythorbate. The meat was cut and processed with 1% NaCl, 0.3% sodium tripolyphosphate, 1% transglutaminase enzyme and 10% beef fat. Also in the mixer was added 5% canola oil (2 and 4) and 0.05% of antioxidant (3 and 4). The steaks were vacuum packaged individually and stored frozen at -18 °C up to 120 days. In the final product were analyzed: chemical composition, pH, losses during thawing and cooking, instrumental analysis of color, cholesterol, lipid oxidation, texture and sensory analysis. The pH values were higher (P <0.05) at 120 days of frozen storage for all treatments. The addition of canola oil affected (P <0.05) the chemical composition of restructured steaks, with the exception of ash content did not change (P> 0.05). The greatest loss of cooking has been found in restructured steaks formulated with antioxidant more canola oil (23.66%) differing (P <0.05) of the restructured steak with only antioxidant that showed the smallest loss (16.34%), but not differed the control and canola oil treatments. There were no difference (P> 0.05) for lipid oxidation between treatments at 0 and 30 days of storage, but at 60, 90 and 120 days, there were a difference (P <0.05), where treatments without antioxidant addition had the greatest results for TBARS. Treatment with canola (2) also differed from the control treatment (1), exhibited lower TBARS values at 90 and 120 days of storage. The addition of canola oil and antioxidant affected (P <0.05) cholesterol content in raw restructured beef increased the lightness (L *) and intensity of yellow (b *), but did not influence the intensity of red ( a *). The treatments with the addition of canola oil had the lowest hardness values. The steaks restructured with the addition of canola oil and sodium erythorbate have physicochemical and sensory properties acceptable and can be marketed as a product of rapid preparation and possibly with greater added value

Restructured beef with canola oil and antioxidant: development and sensory attributes

As indústrias do setor da carne têm buscado meios para agregar valor através da adição de ingredientes benéficos à saúde e pela utilização de cortes de baixo valor comercial. A produção de carnes reestruturadas e o uso de óleos vegetais em substituição a gordura animal são estratégicas tecnológicas, criando produtos mais adaptados as necessidades do consumidor em termos de conveniência, uniformidade, tamanho de porção, composição, fácil preparação e alimentação saudável. Portanto, objetivou-se avaliar as características quantitativas e qualitativas e a vida útil de bifes reestruturados desenvolvidos com músculo Triceps brachii (miolo da paleta), utilizando a enzima transglutaminase, antioxidante e adição de óleo de canola, de acordo com os tratamentos: (1) controle, (2) adição de 5% de óleo de canola, (3) adição de eritorbato de sódio e (4) adição de 5% óleo de canola + eritorbato de sódio. A carne foi cortada e processada com 1% de NaCl, 0,3% de tripolifosfato de sódio, 1% de enzima transglutaminase e 10% de gordura da carne. Ainda no misturador foram adicionados 5% de óleo de canola (2 e 4) e 0,05% de antioxidante (3 e 4). Os bifes foram embalados á vácuo individualmente e armazenados congelados a -18°C por até 120 dias. Foram analisados: composição centesimal, pH, perdas durante o descongelamento e cozimento, análise instrumental da cor, teor de colesterol, oxidação lipídica, textura e análise sensorial Os valores de pH foram maiores (P0,05). A maior perda de cozimento foi encontrada nos bifes reestruturados formulados com antioxidante mais óleo de canola (23,66%), diferindo (P0,05) para oxidação lipídica entre os tratamentos aos 0 e 30 dias de armazenamento, já aos 60, 90 e 120 dias, houve diferença (P 0.05). The greatest loss of cooking has been found in restructured steaks formulated with antioxidant more canola oil (23.66%) differing (P 0.05) for lipid oxidation between treatments at 0 and 30 days of storage, but at 60, 90 and 120 days, there were a difference (P <0.05), where treatments without antioxidant addition had the greatest results for TBARS. Treatment with canola (2) also differed from the control treatment (1), exhibited lower TBARS values at 90 and 120 days of storage. The addition of canola oil and antioxidant affected (P <0.05) cholesterol content in raw restructured beef increased the lightness (L *) and intensity of yellow (b *), but did not influence the intensity of red ( a *). The treatments with the addition of canola oil had the lowest hardness values. The steaks restructured with the addition of canola oil and sodium erythorbate have physicochemical and sensory properties acceptable and can be marketed as a product of rapid preparation and possibly with greater added value

Modulation of miR-26a-5p and miR-15b-5p exosomal expression associated with clopidogrel-induced hepatotoxicity in HepG2 cells

Clopidogrel is an essential antiplatelet drug used to prevent thrombosis complications associated with atherosclerosis. However, hepatotoxicity is a potential adverse effect related to clopidogrel therapy. Exosome-derived miRNAs may be useful for improved monitoring of drug response and hepatotoxicity risk. In the present study, the expression of several exosomalmiRNAs (miR-26a-5p, miR-145-5p, miR-15b-5p, andmiR-4701-3p) and cell-derived mRNA targets (PLOD2, SENP5, EIF4G2, HMGA2, STRADB, and TLK1) were evaluated in HepG2 cells treated with clopidogrel (6.25, 12.5, 25, 50, and 100 mu M) for 24 and 48 h. Then, clopidogrel cytotoxicity was evaluated by analyzing DNA fragmentation and the cell cycle profile using flow cytometry. Differential expression of exosome-derived miRNAs and cell-derived mRNAs was analyzed by RT-qPCR. Exposure of HepG2 cells to high concentrations of clopidogrel (50 and 100 mu M) for 24 h caused significant DNA fragmentation (17.6 and 44.4%, respectively; p < 0.05) and 48 h (26.8 and 48.9%, respectively; p < 0.05), indicating cellular toxicity. Upregulation of miR-26a-5p and downregulation of miR-15b-5p was observed in cells exposed to 100 mu M clopidogrel for 24 and 48 h. The miR-26a-5p target mRNAs HMGA2, EIF4G2, STRADB, and SENP5 were downregulated in HepG2 cells following exposure to cytotoxic concentrations of clopidogrel (50 and 100 mu M) for 24 h, and HMGA2 levels remained low after 48 h of treatment. TLK1, a target of miR-15b-5p, was downregulated by 50 and 100 mu M clopidogrel at 24 h. In conclusion, our results suggest that exposure to high concentrations of clopidogrel modulates the expression of exosomal miR-26a-5p and miR-15b-5p and their target mRNAs in HepG2 cells. Dysregulation of these miRNAs maybe modulate the regulatory pathways involved in clopidogrel-induced liver injury8CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICO - CNPQFUNDAÇÃO DE AMPARO À PESQUISA DO ESTADO DE SÃO PAULO - FAPESP448753/2014-6; 447120/2014-

Modulation of miR-26a-5p and miR-15b-5p Exosomal Expression Associated with Clopidogrel-Induced Hepatotoxicity in HepG2 Cells

Clopidogrel is an essential antiplatelet drug used to prevent thrombosis complications associated with atherosclerosis. However, hepatotoxicity is a potential adverse effect related to clopidogrel therapy. Exosome-derived miRNAs may be useful for improved monitoring of drug response and hepatotoxicity risk. In the present study, the expression of several exosomal miRNAs (miR-26a-5p, miR-145-5p, miR-15b-5p, and miR-4701-3p) and cell-derived mRNA targets (PLOD2, SENP5, EIF4G2, HMGA2, STRADB, and TLK1) were evaluated in HepG2 cells treated with clopidogrel (6.25, 12.5, 25, 50, and 100 μM) for 24 and 48 h. Then, clopidogrel cytotoxicity was evaluated by analyzing DNA fragmentation and the cell cycle profile using flow cytometry. Differential expression of exosome-derived miRNAs and cell-derived mRNAs was analyzed by RT-qPCR. Exposure of HepG2 cells to high concentrations of clopidogrel (50 and 100 μM) for 24 h caused significant DNA fragmentation (17.6 and 44.4%, respectively; p &lt; 0.05) and 48 h (26.8 and 48.9%, respectively; p &lt; 0.05), indicating cellular toxicity. Upregulation of miR-26a-5p and downregulation of miR-15b-5p was observed in cells exposed to 100 μM clopidogrel for 24 and 48 h. The miR-26a-5p target mRNAs HMGA2, EIF4G2, STRADB, and SENP5 were downregulated in HepG2 cells following exposure to cytotoxic concentrations of clopidogrel (50 and 100 μM) for 24 h, and HMGA2 levels remained low after 48 h of treatment. TLK1, a target of miR-15b-5p, was downregulated by 50 and 100 μM clopidogrel at 24 h. In conclusion, our results suggest that exposure to high concentrations of clopidogrel modulates the expression of exosomal miR-26a-5p and miR-15b-5p and their target mRNAs in HepG2 cells. Dysregulation of these miRNAs maybe modulate the regulatory pathways involved in clopidogrel-induced liver injury