Evaluation of anti-leishmanial activity of artemisinin combined with amphotericin B or miltefosine in Leishmania donovani promastigotes

Background: The increasing incidence of drug resistance in Leishmaniasis necessitates evaluation of combination chemotherapy. Miltefosine and amphotericin B are established anti-leishmanial drugs, while artemisinin has shown significant leishmanicidal activity in experimental models. In this study, we have evaluated the additive/synergistic effect of artemisinin with amphotericin B or miltefosine.Methods: Leishmania parasites were isolated from the bone marrow aspirate of a patient with visceral leishmaniasis. Parasites were typed as Leishmania donovani by restriction fragment length polymorphism of internal transcribed spacer 1 region of Leishmania genome. Promastigotes were incubated in a fixed ratio combination of artemisinin (0-500 µM) and amphotericin B (0-100 nM) or miltefosine (0-100 µM) and cell viability was assessed. An isobologram was constructed to evaluate the additive/synergistic effect, wherein it was considered additive if the mean sum fractional inhibitory concentration (mean ΣFIC) at the IC50 level was <2, but ≥1 and synergism, if the mean ΣFIC was <1.Results: The isobologram showed an additive effect for three combinations of artemisinin-amphotericin B and artemisinin-miltefosine, the mean ΣFICs ranging from 1.02 to 1.44 and 1.08 to 1.33 along with a synergistic effect with one combination, the mean ΣFICs being 0.58 and 0.81 respectively.Conclusions: This study supports the combination use of artemisinin-amphotericin B and artemisinin-miltefosine, worthy of future pharmacological consideration

The Role of Education in the Sustainable Development Empowering the Society for Sustainability Natural Sciences and Environmental Awareness towards Sustainable Development

&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Introduction :&nbsp; &nbsp;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Sustainable development in each and every field is need of the hour. Research and innovation in education for sustainable development is very emerging and important part of education system. When we think of SD, education is an important area which can pave the way to achieve the desired goal of sustainable development. Therefore education and research and innovation in this area to achieve defined goal of sustainable development is inevitable and can play a great role. Education for Sustainable Development (ESD) has become an important issue in society. The united nations decade for education (DESD, 2005-2014) has encouraged innovative approaches in education in order to contribute to the societal change towards sustainability through both the formal education, non-forma land informal learning settings . Furthermore, as learning does not take place in separate silos, the interconnection of different stake holders is also seen as a necessity in ESD. During the last decade an abundance of ESD initiatives have grown at all levels in society. Governments have implemented the topic in policy briefings and educators and researchers have developed models for curriculum innovation and the integration of sustainability competences. The educators should integrate the concept of ESD in their teaching. The "education for sustainable development is learning to think and work towards a liveable world, now and in the future, for ourselves and for others, here and elsewhere on the planet" . ESD is not only addition of sustainability as an additional subject to the curriculum, but rather enabling learners to contribute to sustainable societies. According To Ban Ki-Moon, former United Nations Secretary-General, "Education is a fundamental right and the basis for progress in every country.&lt;/p&gt

Chronic phenytoin therapy-induced vecuronium resistance

This case report highlights a clinically significant pharmacokinetic drug interaction between phenytoin, a widely used anticonvulsant and vecuronium, a non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocker which led to vecuronium resistance

Abstracts of National Conference on Research and Developments in Material Processing, Modelling and Characterization 2020

This book presents the abstracts of the papers presented to the Online National Conference on Research and Developments in Material Processing, Modelling and Characterization 2020 (RDMPMC-2020) held on 26th and 27th August 2020 organized by the Department of Metallurgical and Materials Science in Association with the Department of Production and Industrial Engineering, National Institute of Technology Jamshedpur, Jharkhand, India. Conference Title: National Conference on Research and Developments in Material Processing, Modelling and Characterization 2020Conference Acronym: RDMPMC-2020Conference Date: 26–27 August 2020Conference Location: Online (Virtual Mode)Conference Organizer: Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, National Institute of Technology JamshedpurCo-organizer: Department of Production and Industrial Engineering, National Institute of Technology Jamshedpur, Jharkhand, IndiaConference Sponsor: TEQIP-