Exploring Wells-Dawson Clusters Associated With the Small Ribosomal Subunit

The polyoxometalate P2W18O626-, the Wells-Dawson cluster, stabilized the ribosome sufficiently for the crystallographers to solve the phase problem and improve the structural resolution. In the following we characterize the interaction of the Wells-Dawson cluster with the ribosome small subunit. There are 14 different P2W18O626- clusters interacting with the ribosome, and the types of interactions range from one simple residue interaction to complex association of multiple sites including backbone interactions with a Wells-Dawson cluster. Although well-documented that bridging oxygen atoms are the main basic sites on other polyoxometalate interaction with most proteins reported, the W=O groups are the main sites of the Wells-Dawson cluster interacting with the ribosome. Furthermore, the peptide chain backbone on the ribosome host constitutes the main sites that associate with the Wells-Dawson cluster. In this work we investigate the potential of one representative pair of closely-located Wells-Dawson clusters being a genuine Double Wells-Dawson cluster. We found that the Double Wells-Dawson structure on the ribosome is geometrically sound and in line with other Double Wells-Dawson clusters previously observed in the solid state and solution. This information suggests that the Double Wells-Dawson structure on the ribosome is real and contribute to characterization of this particular structure of the ribosome

Kinetic studies of sodium and metforminium decavanadates decomposition and in vitro cytotoxicity and insulin-like activity

The kinetics of the decomposition of 0.5 and 1.0 mM sodium decavanadate (NaDeca) and metforminium decavanadate (MetfDeca) solutions were studied by51V NMR in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM) medium (pH 7.4) at 25◦C. The results showed that decomposition products are orthovanadate [H2VO4]− (V1) and metavanadate species like [H2V2O7]2− (V2), [V4O12]4− (V4) and [V5O15]5− (V5) for both compounds. The calculated half-life times of the decomposition reaction were 9 and 11 h for NaDeca and MetfDeca, respectively, at 1 mM concentration. The hydrolysis products that presented the highest rate constants were V1 and V4 for both compounds. Cytotoxic activity studies using non-tumorigenic HEK293 cell line and human liver cancer HEPG2 cells showed that decavanadates compounds exhibit selectivity action toward HEPG2 cells after 24 h. The effect of vanadium compounds (8–30 µM concentration) on the protein expression of AKT and AMPK were investigated in HEPG2 cell lines, showing that NaDeca and MetfDeca compounds exhibit a dose-dependence increase in phosphorylated AKT. Additionally, NaDeca at 30 µM concentration stimulated the glucose cell uptake moderately (62%) in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Finally, an insulin release assay in βTC-6 cells (30 µM concentration) showed that sodium orthovanadate (MetV) and MetfDeca enhanced insulin release by 0.7 and 1-fold, respectively.Fil: Silva Nolasco, Aniela M.. Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco; México. Instituto Nacional de Pediatría; MéxicoFil: Camacho, Luz. Instituto Nacional de Pediatría; MéxicoFil: Saavedra Díaz, Rafael Omar. Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco; MéxicoFil: Hernández Abreu, Oswaldo. Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco; MéxicoFil: Leon, Ignacio Esteban. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Centro de Química Inorgánica "Dr. Pedro J. Aymonino". Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas. Centro de Química Inorgánica "Dr. Pedro J. Aymonino"; ArgentinaFil: Sánchez Lombardo, Irma. Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco; Méxic

Role of astrocytes and glutamate transporter EAAT2 / GLT1 in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

Daniel Castro: Estudiante de Medicina, Ciclo de Metodología Científica II, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Uruguay. La contribución en la realización del trabajo fue equivalente a la de los demás estudiantes.-- Elke Díaz: Estudiante de Medicina, Ciclo de Metodología Científica II, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Uruguay. La contribución en la realización del trabajo fue equivalente a la de los demás estudiantes.-- Irma Lombardo: Estudiante de Medicina, Ciclo de Metodología Científica II, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Uruguay. La contribución en la realización del trabajo fue equivalente a la de los demás estudiantes.-- Patricia Cassina: Docente supervisor. Departamento de Histología y Embriología de la Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay. Contacto: Departamento de Histología y Embriología, Facultad de Medicina, Avda. Gral. Flores 2125, 11800 Montevideo, Uruguay. Tel. (5982) 924 2703. Email: [email protected] Laura Martínez-Palma: Docente supervisor. Departamento de Histología y Embriología de la Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay.La Esclerosis Lateral Amiotrófica (ELA) es una enfermedad neurodegenerativa fatal, progresiva que afecta las motoneuronas superiores e inferiores del sistema nervioso central y se acompaña de reactividad glial. La patogenia de esta enfermedad no está del todo clara. Se han postulado diferentes mecanismos dentro de los cuales se destacan las alteraciones en el procesamiento del ARN, en el metabolismo proteico, en el transporte axonal y en la función mitocondrial, aumento del estrés oxidativo y excitotoxicidad. Los astrocitos presentan prolongaciones que rodean la sinapsis, donde se localizan los transportadores de glutamato que captan el exceso del neurotransmisor durante la actividad sináptica. En la ELA se han encontrado alteraciones en este mecanismo lo cual ha resaltado la participación de la glía en la progresión de la enfermedad. El glutamato actúa sobre dos familias de receptores: NMDA y no NMDA, cuyas alteraciones se vinculan con la patogenia de la enfermedad. Además, se ha probado que existe una alteración en la función y disponibilidad del transportador de glutamato EAAT2/GLT1, que contribuye al aumento de la concentración de glutamato extracelular. En este trabajo, el objetivo fue revisar la bibliografía sobre el rol de los astrocitos y el transportador de glutamato EAAT2/GLT1 en la patogenia de la ELA, con el fi n de identificar algunos interrogantes aún no dilucidados para dirigir nuevas investigaciones que puedan mejorar el tratamiento de estos pacientes.Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal, progressive neurodegenerative disease aff ecting upper and lower motor neurons of the central nervous system that is associated to glial reactivity. The pathogenesis of this disease is not entirely clear. Different mechanisms have been postulated, inclu-ding alterations in RNA processing, protein metabolism, axonal transport and mitochondrial function, increased oxidative stress and excitotoxicity. Astrocytes exhibit processes surrounding the synapse, where glutamate transporters are located to uptake the excess of neurotransmitter during synaptic activity. Alterations in this mechanism have been found in ALS and have highlighted the role of glia in the progression of ALS. Glutamate acts on two receptor families: NMDA and non-NMDA. There is evidence that links glutamate transporters dysfunction to the pathogenesis of the disease. In addition, it has been proven that alteration in the function and availability of the glutamate transporter EAAT2 / GLT1 contributes to the increase of extracellular glutamate concentration. In this work, we aim to review the literature on the role of astrocytes and the glutamate transporter EAAT2 / GLT1 in the pathogenesis of ALS, to identify unsolved questions that may guide further research to improve the treatment of these patients

Involvement of nitric oxide (NO) and auxin in signal transduction of copper induced morphological responses in Arabidopsis seedlings

Background and Aims Plants are able to adapt to the environment dynamically through regulation of their growth and development. Excess copper (Cu2+ ), a toxic heavy metal, induces morphological alterations in plant organs; however, the underlying mechanisms are still unclear. With this in mind, the multiple signalling functions of nitric oxide (NO) in plant cells and its possible regulatory role and relationship with auxin were examined during Cu2+ -induced morphological responses. Methods Endogenous auxin distribution was determined by microscopic observation of X-Gluc-stained DR5::GUS arabidopsis, and the levels of NO, superoxide and peroxynitrite were detected by ¿uorescence microscopy. As well as wild-type, NO-overproducer (nox1) and -de¿cient (nia1nia2 and nia1nia2noa1-2) arabidopsis plants were used. Key Results Cu2+ at a concentration of 50mM resulted in a large reduction in cotyledon area and hypocotyl and primary root lengths, accompanied by an increase in auxin levels. In cotyledons, a low Cu2+ concentration promoted NO accumulation, which was arrested by nitric oxide synthase or nitrate reductase inhibitors. The 5-mM Cu2+ -induced NO synthesis was not detectable in nia1nia2 or nia1nia2noa1-2 plants. In roots, Cu2+ caused a decrease of the NO level which was not associated with superoxide and peroxynitrite formation. Inhibition of auxin transport resulted in an increase in NO levels, while exogenous application of an NO donor reduced DR5::GUS expression. The elongation processes of nox1 were not sensitive to Cu2+ , but NO-de¿cient plants showed diverse growth responses. ConclusionsIn plant organs, Cu2+ excess results in severe morphological responses during which the endogenous hormonal balance and signal transduction are affected. Auxin and NO negatively regulate each other¿s level and NO intensi¿es the metal-induced cotyledon expansion, but mitigates elongation processes under Cu2+ exposurePetó, A.; Lehotai, N.; Lozano Juste, J.; Leon Ramos, J.; Tari, I.; Erdei, L.; Kolbert, Z. (2011). Involvement of nitric oxide (NO) and auxin in signal transduction of copper induced morphological responses in Arabidopsis seedlings. Annals of Botany. 108(3):449-457. doi:10.1093/aob/mcr176S449457108

"La empresa liberal y el periodismo político y polémico".

p.27-38

Sobre: Laura Beatriz Suárez de la Torre (coord.), Empresa y cultura en tinta y papel (1800-1860)

El texto que nos ocupa se ha organizado en nueve capítulos bajo las siguientes denominaciones: "Problemáticas e intereses editoriales"; "Impresores en la ciudad de México"; "Impresores de provincia"; "Libreros, librerías y gabinetes de lectura"; "Delecturas"; "Proyectos culturales"; "Tendencias y problemiticas culturales"; "Éxitos editoriales", y "Periodismo y literatura"

Estabilización y reactividad fosfoestereolítica de hidroxocomplejos metálicos en presencia de disolventes dipolares apróticos / tesis que para obtener el grado de Doctor en Ciencias Químicas, presenta Irma Sánchez Lombardo ; asesor Anatoly Yatsimirsky

. x, 131, [22] páginas : ilustraciones. Doctorado en Ciencias Químicas UNAM, Facultad de Química, 201

Sobre: Laura Beatriz Suárez de la Torre (coord.), Empresa y cultura en tinta y papel (1800-1860)

El texto que nos ocupa se ha organizado en nueve capítulos bajo las siguientes denominaciones: "Problemáticas e intereses editoriales"; "Impresores en la ciudad de México"; "Impresores de provincia"; "Libreros, librerías y gabinetes de lectura"; "Delecturas"; "Proyectos culturales"; "Tendencias y problemiticas culturales"; "Éxitos editoriales", y "Periodismo y literatura"