28,955 research outputs found
Template-based Gravitational-Wave Echoes Search Using Bayesian Model Selection
The ringdown of the gravitational-wave signal from a merger of two black
holes has been suggested as a probe of the structure of the remnant compact
object, which may be more exotic than a black hole. It has been pointed out
that there will be a train of echoes in the late-time ringdown stage for
different types of exotic compact objects. In this paper, we present a
template-based search methodology using Bayesian statistics to search for
echoes of gravitational waves. Evidence for the presence or absence of echoes
in gravitational-wave events can be established by performing Bayesian model
selection. The Occam factor in Bayesian model selection will automatically
penalize the more complicated model that echoes are present in
gravitational-wave strain data because of its higher degree of freedom to fit
the data. We find that the search methodology was able to identify
gravitational-wave echoes with Abedi et al.'s echoes waveform model about 82.3%
of the time in simulated Gaussian noise in the Advanced LIGO and Virgo network
and about 61.1% of the time in real noise in the first observing run of
Advanced LIGO with significance. Analyses using this method are
performed on the data of Advanced LIGO's first observing run, and we find no
statistical significant evidence for the detection of gravitational-wave
echoes. In particular, we find combined evidence of the three events
in Advanced LIGO's first observing run. The analysis technique developed in
this paper is independent of the waveform model used, and can be used with
different parametrized echoes waveform models to provide more realistic
evidence of the existence of echoes from exotic compact objects.Comment: 16 pages, 6 figure
Distinct subpopulations of enteric neuronal progenitors defined by time of development, sympathoadrenal lineage markers and Mash-1-dependence
Enteric and sympathetic neurons have previously been proposed to be lineally related. We present independent lines of evidence that suggest that enteric neurons arise from at least two lineages, only one of which expresses markers in common with sympathoadrenal cells. In the rat, sympathoadrenal markers are expressed, in the same order as in sympathetic neurons, by a subset of enteric neuronal precursors, which also transiently express tyrosine hydroxylase. If this precursor pool is eliminated in vitro by complement-mediated lysis, enteric neurons continue to develop; however, none of these are serotonergic. In the mouse, the Mash-1−/− mutation, which eliminates sympathetic neurons, also prevents the development of enteric serotonergic neurons. Other enteric neuronal populations, however, including those that contain calcitonin gene related peptide are present. Enteric tyrosine hydroxylase-containing cells co-express Mash-1 and are eliminated by the Mash-1−/− mutation, consistent with the idea that in the mouse, as in the rat, these precursors generate serotonergic neurons. Serotonergic neurons are generated early in development, while calcitonin gene related peptide-containing enteric neurons are generated much later. These data suggest that enteric neurons are derived from at least two progenitor lineages. One transiently expresses sympathoadrenal markers, is Mash-1-dependent, and generates early-born enteric neurons, some of which are serotonergic. The other is Mash-1-independent, does not express sympathoadrenal markers, and generates late-born enteric neurons, some of which contain calcitonin gene related peptide
Numerical methods for analyzing electromagnetic scattering
Numerical methods to analyze electromagnetic scattering are presented. The dispersions and attenuations of the normal modes in a circular waveguide coated with lossy material were completely analyzed. The radar cross section (RCS) from a circular waveguide coated with lossy material was calculated. The following is observed: (1) the interior irradiation contributes to the RCS much more than does the rim diffraction; (2) at low frequency, the RCS from the circular waveguide terminated by a perfect electric conductor (PEC) can be reduced more than 13 dB down with a coating thickness less than 1% of the radius using the best lossy material available in a 6 radius-long cylinder; (3) at high frequency, a modal separation between the highly attenuated and the lowly attenuated modes is evident if the coating material is too lossy, however, a large RCS reduction can be achieved for a small incident angle with a thin layer of coating. It is found that the waveguide coated with a lossy magnetic material can be used as a substitute for a corrugated waveguide to produce a circularly polarized radiation yield
Numerical methods for analyzing electromagnetic scattering
Attenuation properties of the normal modes in an overmoded waveguide coated with a lossy material were analyzed. It is found that the low-order modes, can be significantly attenuated even with a thin layer of coating if the coating material is not too lossy. A thinner layer of coating is required for large attenuation of the low-order modes if the coating material is magnetic rather than dielectric. The Radar Cross Section (RCS) from an uncoated circular guide terminated by a perfect electric conductor was calculated and compared with available experimental data. It is confirmed that the interior irradiation contributes to the RCS. The equivalent-current method based on the geometrical theory of diffraction (GTD) was chosen for the calculation of the contribution from the rim diffraction. The RCS reduction from a coated circular guide terminated by a PEC are planned schemes for the experiments are included. The waveguide coated with a lossy magnetic material is suggested as a substitute for the corrugated waveguide
Wave attenuation and mode dispersion in a waveguide coated with lossy dielectric material
The modal attenuation constants in a cylindrical waveguide coated with a lossy dielectric material are studied as functions of frequency, dielectric constant, and thickness of the dielectric layer. A dielectric material best suited for a large attenuation is suggested. Using Kirchhoff's approximation, the field attenuation in a coated waveguide which is illuminated by a normally incident plane wave is also studied. For a circular guide which has a diameter of two wavelengths and is coated with a thin lossy dielectric layer (omega sub r = 9.1 - j2.3, thickness = 3% of the radius), a 3 dB attenuation is achieved within 16 diameters
DLC2 modulates angiogenic responses in vascular endothelial cells by regulating cell attachment and migration.
Deleted in liver cancer 1 (DLC1) is a RhoGTPase activation protein-containing tumor suppressor that associates with various types of cancer. Although DLC2 shares a similar domain structure with that of DLC1, the function of DLC2 is not well characterized. Here, we describe the expression and ablation of DLC2 in mice using a reporter-knockout approach. DLC2 is expressed in several tissues and in endothelial cells (ECs) of blood vessels. Although ECs and blood vessels show no histological abnormalities and mice appear overall healthy, DLC2-mutant mice display enhanced angiogenic responses induced by matrigel and by tumor cells. Silencing of DLC2 in human ECs has reduced cell attachment, increased migration, and tube formation. These changes are rescued by silencing of RhoA, suggesting that the process is RhoA pathway dependent. These results indicate that DLC2 is not required for mouse development and normal vessel formation, but may protect mouse from unwanted angiogenesis induced by, for example, tumor cells
Finding diamonds in the rough: Targeted Sub-threshold Search for Strongly-lensed Gravitational-wave Events
Strong gravitational lensing of gravitational waves can produce duplicate
signals separated in time with different amplitudes. We consider the case in
which strong lensing produces identifiable gravitational-wave events and weaker
sub-threshold signals hidden in the noise background. We present a search
method for the sub-threshold signals using reduced template banks targeting
specific confirmed gravitational-wave events. We apply the method to all events
from Advanced LIGO's first and second observing run O1/O2. Using GW150914 as an
example, we show that the method effectively reduces the noise background and
raises the significance of (near-) sub-threshold triggers. In the case of
GW150914, we can improve the sensitive distance by . Finally,
we present the top possible lensed candidates for O1/O2 gravitational-wave
events that passed our nominal significance threshold of False-Alarm-Rate days
Dynamics of correlations due to a phase noisy laser
We analyze the dynamics of various kinds of correlations present between two
initially entangled independent qubits, each one subject to a local phase noisy
laser. We give explicit expressions of the relevant quantifiers of correlations
for the general case of single-qubit unital evolution, which includes the case
of a phase noisy laser. Although the light field is treated as classical, we
find that this model can describe revivals of quantum correlations. Two
different dynamical regimes of decay of correlations occur, a Markovian one
(exponential decay) and a non-Markovian one (oscillatory decay with revivals)
depending on the values of system parameters. In particular, in the
non-Markovian regime, quantum correlations quantified by quantum discord show
an oscillatory decay faster than that of classical correlations. Moreover,
there are time regions where nonzero discord is present while entanglement is
zero.Comment: 7 pages, 3 figures, accepted for publication in Phys. Scripta,
special issue for CEWQO 2011 proceeding
Extraction of Airways with Probabilistic State-space Models and Bayesian Smoothing
Segmenting tree structures is common in several image processing
applications. In medical image analysis, reliable segmentations of airways,
vessels, neurons and other tree structures can enable important clinical
applications. We present a framework for tracking tree structures comprising of
elongated branches using probabilistic state-space models and Bayesian
smoothing. Unlike most existing methods that proceed with sequential tracking
of branches, we present an exploratory method, that is less sensitive to local
anomalies in the data due to acquisition noise and/or interfering structures.
The evolution of individual branches is modelled using a process model and the
observed data is incorporated into the update step of the Bayesian smoother
using a measurement model that is based on a multi-scale blob detector.
Bayesian smoothing is performed using the RTS (Rauch-Tung-Striebel) smoother,
which provides Gaussian density estimates of branch states at each tracking
step. We select likely branch seed points automatically based on the response
of the blob detection and track from all such seed points using the RTS
smoother. We use covariance of the marginal posterior density estimated for
each branch to discriminate false positive and true positive branches. The
method is evaluated on 3D chest CT scans to track airways. We show that the
presented method results in additional branches compared to a baseline method
based on region growing on probability images.Comment: 10 pages. Pre-print of the paper accepted at Workshop on Graphs in
Biomedical Image Analysis. MICCAI 2017. Quebec Cit
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