A global compilation of coccolithophore calcification rates

The biological production of calcium carbonate (CaCO3), a process termed calcification, is a key term in the marine carbon cycle. A major planktonic group responsible for such pelagic CaCO3 production (CP) is the coccolithophores, single-celled haptophytes that inhabit the euphotic zone of the ocean. Satellite-based estimates of areal CP are limited to surface waters and open-ocean areas, with current algorithms utilising the unique optical properties of the cosmopolitan bloom-forming species Emiliania huxleyi, whereas little understanding of deep-water ecology, optical properties or environmental responses by species other than E. huxleyi is currently available to parameterise algorithms or models. To aid future areal estimations and validate future modelling efforts we have constructed a database of 2765 CP measurements, the majority of which were measured using 12 to 24 h incorporation of radioactive carbon (14C) into acid-labile inorganic carbon (CaCO3). We present data collated from over 30 studies covering the period from 1991 to 2015, sampling the Atlantic, Pacific, Indian, Arctic and Southern oceans. Globally, CP in surface waters ( < 20 m) ranged from 0.01 to 8398 µmol C m−3 d−1 (with a geometric mean of 16.1 µmol C m−3 d−1). An integral value for the upper euphotic zone (herein surface to the depth of 1 % surface irradiance) ranged from  < 0.1 to 6 mmol C m−2 d−1 (geometric mean 1.19 mmol C m−2 d−1). The full database is available for download from PANGAEA at https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.888182

Shifts in the phytoplankton community in response to zinc and iron enrichments in the north-eastern subarctic Pacific

The offshore Gulf of Alaska—in the north-eastern subarctic Pacific—is a high nitrate, low chlorophyll (HNLC) oceanic region where concentrations of dissolved iron (DFe) and zinc (DZn) are of the order ~0.1 nmol kg-1 in surface waters. At the average winter mixed layer depth of ~120 m, concentrations of DFe and DZn are of the orders ~0.1–0.2 nmol kg-1 and ~1–2 nmol kg-1 respectively. Vertical supply of Fe to surface waters is therefore limited, with phytoplankton blooms driven by episodic inputs of Fe. In contrast, DZn is presumably replenished through seasonal vertical mixing, though maintained at low levels in surface waters, even in winter, implying that removal processes are in operation.Previous supplementation experiments have demonstrated that phytoplankton biomass (chl-a) and growth, and drawdown of nitrate (NO3-), are stimulated strongly by Fe but only minimally, if at all, by Zn alone. Using on-deck bioassay incubations of surface waters, we confirm that addition of Fe stimulates significant increases in chl-a and large diatoms, and drawdown of NO3-and silicic acid (Si(OH)4). Associated drawdown of DZn and dissolved cadmium (DCd) indicated Zn stress in control and +Fe treatments. Supplementation with Zn alone had no significant impact on dissolved NO3- and commonly monitored pigments such as chl-a and fucoxanthin. However, in +Zn treatments, DFe and coccolithophore abundance were significantly lower, and the concentration of particulate organic carbon (POC) and the pigments alloxanthin and chlorophyll c1+2 were significantly higher than in control incubations. Our experiment corroborates previously observed relationships between DZn and alloxanthin and chlorophyll c across the subarctic north Pacific and Bering Sea and could help to explain the low or undetectable concentrations of alloxanthin frequently observed in this region. Alloxanthin is a pigment specific to the cryptophytes, either within free-living cells, or within functional plastids retained by mixotrophic protists. Both cryptophytes and mixotrophic ciliates, such as Laboea sp. and Stombidium spp., make a variable but significant contribution to phytoplankton biomass in this area. In the absence of Fe supply to surface waters, Zn could play a hitherto unsuspected role in shaping plankton communities in the HNLC Gulf of Alaska