Philippines

Meeting: Fish Quarantine and Fish Diseases in Southeast Asia, 7-10 Dec. 1982, Jakarta, IDIn IDL-773

Studies on several virus isolates, bacteria and a fungus associated with Epizootic Ulcerative Syndrome (EUS) of several fishes in the Philippines

Doctor of Philosoph

Recommended practices for disease prevention in prawn and shrimp hatcheries

Disease in prawn is any abnormal condition which may affect adversely the appearance, growth, and function of the animal. It may or may not result in mortalities. Disease outbreaks occur commonly in different culture systems such as hatcheries and grow-out ponds. Disease develops through the interaction of the prawn (the host), the causal agent (the pathogen), and the environment. In the presence of a susceptible host, a pathogen and predisposing environmental conditions (poor water quality, inadequate food, frequent handling, overstocking), disease is very likely to occur. Improved environmental conditions, healthy prawns and absence of disease agents would therefore lessen the chance of a disease outbreak. The causal agents may be pathogenic organisms (viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa, helminths, microcrustaceans) or nonpathogenic adverse environmental conditions (extreme temperatures, low oxygen levels, chemical poisons). Living disease agents cause infectious disease which generally result in gradual mortalities. Non-living disease agents cause non-infectious diseases that result in sudden mass mortalities. The environment determines the balance between the prawn as host and the disease agent. Microorganisms are always present in the water and some of them cause disease only when the prawn has been weakened through exposure to stressful environmental conditions. Hatchery personnel should realize that they themselves could transmit disease through their contaminated hands, clothing, and footwear. Equipment such as water pumps, blowers, pipes, and materials such as scoop nets, water hoses, pails, glasswares are also possible carriers of disease agents. Spawners, live natural food like diatoms, rotifers and brine shrimp, and artificial diets could also be vehicles of disease transmission. The prawn culturist, thus, must be able to manage the environment and make it favorable for the prawn. Hatchery management should, therefore, include operation procedures that will reduce the possibility of disease development during larval rearing. This manual recommends practices for disease prevention to prawn hatchery operators and technicians

Aeromonas hydrophila in the Epizootic Ulcerative Syndrome (EUS) of snakehead, ophicephalus striatus, and catfish, clarias batrachus : quantitative estimation in natural infection and experimental induction of dermo-muscular necrotic lesion

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In vitro effects of fungicides on Haliphthoros philippinensis

SEAFDEC Contribution No. 94.Pure cultures of the fungus Haliphthoros philippinensis isolated from infected Penaeus monodon larvae were exposed for 24 h to varying concentrations of the antifungal agents Benlate, calcium hypochlorite, clotrimazole, copper sulphate, Daconil, formalin, Fungitox, Furanace, griseofulvin, hydrogen peroxide, malachite green, Mysteclin C, phenol, potassium permanganate, Resiguard, Tide, tolnaftate and Treflan. The efficiency of each compound in inhibiting sporulation and mycelial growth of the fungus was measured. The results establish mycostatic and mycocidal levels for each fungicide

Mycoflora of the 'green water' culture system of tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon Fabricius

This study was conducted to quantify and characterize the mycoflora associated with the ‘green water’ culture system of Penaeus monodon. Samples of water, tilapia gut and mucus, and shrimp hepatopancreas from three shrimp farms were collected during 15, 30, 45 and 60 days of culture (DOC). Results showed that high fungal loads were observed in tilapia gut (total: 117–1352 colony forming unit (CFU) 5 cm hind gut−1; yeasts: 0–136 CFU 5 cm hind gut−1) and mucus (total: 12–311 CFU (5 cm2)−1; yeasts: 0–88 CFU (5 cm2)−1), while minimal fungal populations were observed in water samples (total: 0–110CFU mL−1; yeasts: 0–5 CFU ml−1). Shrimp hepatopancreas harboured a very low number of filamentous fungi (0–27 CFU 0.1 g−1) and yeasts (0–7CFU 0.1 g−1) especially at 60 DOC. The filamentous fungal isolates were dominated by Penicillium and Aspergillus species, while the yeast populations were dominated by Rhodotorula and Saccharomyces species. The dominance of these fungi on tilapia mucus and gut and their presence in the rearing water might play an important role in the overall mechanisms involved in the control of luminous Vibrio in the ‘green water’ grow-out culture of P. monodon

Formalin as an alternative to trifluralin as prophylaxis against fungal infection in mud crab Scylla serrata (Forsskål) larvae

The toxicity of formalin and trifluralin to the larval stages of the mud crab Scylla serrata was compared in a static bioassay. Prophylactic doses of 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 μg L−1 formalin and 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.4 and 0.8 μg L−1 trifluralin were used. Toxicity was assessed on the basis of survival of larvae after 24, 48, 72 and 96 h exposure to the test chemicals and metamorphosis to the next larval stage. Result shows that larval survival in all stages was significantly reduced at concentrations of 20 and 25 μg L−1 formalin whereas larvae were able to tolerate all trifluralin treatments. However, larvae became more tolerant to high formalin concentrations as the larval stage progressed. Survival was better at 5, 10 and 15 μg L−1 formalin and in all trifluralin treatments than the control in almost all the larval stages. Faster metamorphosis was observed at 5 and 10 μg L−1 formalin and 0.05, 0.1 and 0.2 μg L−1 trifluralin concentrations. Doses of formalin and trifluralin obtained from the toxicity experiments were applied as prophylaxis to newly hatched larvae in white plastic basins. Prophylactic doses of 5 and 10 μg L−1 formalin and 0.05 and 0.1 μg L−1 trifluralin applied every other day were found to be effective in enhancing survival and larval development to megalopa compared with control. However, no megalopae survived to crab instar in all formalin treatments. Although the use of fungicides in rearing systems resulted in higher survival compared with controls, other strategies (i.e. maintenance of good water quality and hygienic practices in the hatchery) should be further investigated as an alternative to the use of chemicals in hatcheries