SMAP Daily Seamless Soil Moisture Products from 2015 to 2022 (Physics-constrained Gap-filling Method,PhyFill)

<p>The launch of Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) satellite in 2015 has resulted in significant achievements in global soil moisture mapping. Nonetheless, spatiotemporal discontinuities in the soil moisture products have arisen due to the limitations of its orbit scanning gap and retrieval algorithms. To address this issue, this dataset presents a physics-constrained gap-filling method, shortly named PhyFill. The PhyFill method employs a partial convolutional neural network to explore spatial domain features of the original SMAP soil moisture data. Then, it incorporates variations in soil moisture induced by precipitation events and dry-down events as penalty terms in the loss function, thereby accounting for monotonicity and boundary constraints in the physical processes governing the dynamic fluctuations of soil moisture. The PhyFill model was applied to SMAP soil moisture data, resulting in continuous daily soil moisture data on a global scale. The core validation sites demonstrated that the reconstructed soil moisture data has a consistent ubRMSE compared with the original SMAP soil moisture data. The PhyFill method can generate globally continuous, high-accuracy soil moisture estimates, providing remarkable support for advanced hydrological applications, e.g., global soil moisture dry-down events and patterns.</p><p><PhyFill_YYYY_AM. h5>, <PhyFill > represents the Physics-constrained Gap-filling Method; <YYYY> Indicates the year of the data, including the data of the corresponding year.  <AM> means the reconfiguration is at 6 a.m. local time. It will be updated continuously according to your valuable suggestions. Usage method: Data can be read in MATLAB, Python, IDL and other programming languages, and can also be visualized in HDFView and Panoply. We provide code to read the data in MATLAB.</p><p>'SM' is soil moisture data, if there are 365 days in a year, the data storage dimension is 964×406×365.</p><p>'latitude' is the latitude of soil moisture data with a storage dimension of 406×1.</p><p>'longitude'' is the longitude of soil moisture data with a storage dimension of 964×1.</p><p>'time' is the date. For example, if there are 365 days in a year, the data storage dimension is 365×1.</p><p>The reading method of data can be referred to the matlab code read_2015.m.</p&gt

Multi-feature supported dam height measurement method for large hydraulic projects using high resolution remote sensing imagery

Most studies on building height estimation using remote sensing imagery mainly focus on urban buildings with relatively regular shape and relatively flat terrain, and pay little attention to large buildings with complex terrain like dams. A new dam height measurement method was proposed in this paper, which used shadow measurement data and metadata from multiple image sources. The method not only considers the geometric relationship between the sun, the satellite and the dam, but also considers the influence of the satellite zenith and introduces the correction factor, which brings the higher precision. Two dams with a maximum height of more than 200 m were studied, and the dam height is estimated by considering the topography around the dam and the shape of the dam. The experimental results show that the Mean Relative Error (MRE) of the estimated dam height using our proposed method are 3.1% and 4.7% for our two study areas, while the MRE of the traditional models is more than 13%. By doing so, we are able to calculate dam height and obtain information on temporal changes in dam height during the construction process, even in situations without a Digital Surface Model (DSM). Therefore, the proposed method will be propitious to the dynamic supervision of the construction process of the dams effectively

Removal of Gaseous Elemental Mercury by Cylindrical Activated Coke Loaded with CoO_<i>x</i>‑CeO₂ from Simulated Coal Combustion Flue Gas

Co–Ce mixed oxides were loaded on commercial cylindrical activated coke granules (CoCe/AC) by an impregnation method to remove gaseous elemental mercury (Hg⁰) from simulated coal combustion flue gas at low temperature (110–230 °C). Effects of the Co/Ce molar ratio in Co–Ce mixed oxides, mixed oxides loading value, reaction temperature, and flue gas components (O₂, NO, SO₂, H₂O) on Hg⁰ removal efficiency were investigated, respectively. Brunauer–Emmett–Teller analysis, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis were employed to analyze the characteristics of the samples. Results showed that up to 92.5% of Hg⁰ removal efficiency could be obtained over Co_4.5Ce₆/AC at 170 °C. The remarkably high Hg⁰ removal ability of Co_4.5Ce₆/AC mainly depended on the synergetic effect between cobalt oxide and ceria. Additionally, different with the pure N₂ condition, the existence of O₂ and NO could increase Hg⁰ removal efficiency. SO₂ exhibited an inhibitive effect on Hg⁰ removal in the absence of O₂. H₂O­(g) could slightly hinder Hg⁰ removal. The characterization results exhibited that addition of cobalt oxide led to the excellent dispersity of CeO₂ on AC. TGA and XPS analysis results revealed that the captured mercury species on the used Co_4.5Ce₆/AC mainly existed as HgO, and both lattice oxygen and chemisorption oxygen contributed to Hg⁰ oxidation. Furthermore, the mechanisms involved in Hg⁰ removal were identified

Removal of Elemental Mercury from Simulated Flue Gas over Peanut Shells Carbon Loaded with Iodine Ions, Manganese Oxides, and Zirconium Dioxide

A low-cost material with high adsorption and oxidation ability for Hg⁰ capture is needed, whereas it is hard to prepare by present methods. Here, halide ions (I^–) and metal oxides (MnO_<i>x</i> and ZrO₂) were both loaded on peanut shells carbon to synthesize 6Mn-6Zr/PSC-I3. Various characterizations and experiments were used to investigate the physiochemical properties and Hg⁰ removal performances. The sample exhibited an abundant pore structure and the active components dispersed well on its surface. The excellent total Hg⁰ removal efficiency (more than 90%) was obtained in a wide reaction temperature range (150–300 °C) under a N₂ + 6% O₂ atmosphere. Moreover, the Hg⁰ adsorption capacity in 1440 min was 5587.0 μg·g^–1 and the Hg⁰ oxidation efficiency after reaching adsorption equilibrium was more than 30%. Further, the reaction mechanism at 150 °C was proposed. The main chemical adsorption sites of carbon-iodine groups dominate Hg⁰ removal at the initial reaction stage. As reaction progresses, chemical adsorption is weakened due to the gradual saturation of adsorption sites, whereas catalytic oxidation caused by lattice oxygen and hydroxyl oxygen substitutes chemical adsorption and dominates Hg⁰ removal at the final reaction stage. Thus, the 6Mn-6Zr/PSC-I3 with economic and environmental benefits has a promising prospect in industrial applications