In vitro antimicrobial activity of auxiliary chemical substances and natural extracts on Candida albicans and Enterococcus faecalis in root canals

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of auxiliary chemical substances and natural extracts on Candida albicans and Enterococcus faecalis inoculated in root canals. Material and Methods: Seventy-two human tooth roots were contaminated with C. albicans and E. faecalis for 21 days. The groups were divided according to the auxiliary chemical substance into: G1) 2.5% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), G2) 2% chlorhexidine gel (CHX), G3) castor oil, G4) glycolic Aloe vera extract, G5) glycolic ginger extract, and G6) sterile saline (control). The samples of the root canal were collected at different intervals: confirmation collection, at 21 days after contamination; 1st collection, after instrumentation; and 2nd collection, seven days after instrumentation. Microbiological samples were grown in culture medium and incubated at 37°C for 48 hours. Results: The results were submitted to the Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn (5%) statistical tests. NaOCl and CHX completely eliminated the microorganisms of the root canals. Castor oil and ginger significantly reduced the number of CFU of the tested bacteria. Reduction of CFU/mL at the 1st and 2nd collections for groups G1, G2, G3 and G4 was greater in comparison to groups G5 and G6. Conclusion: It was concluded that 2.5% sodium hypochlorite and 2% chlorhexidine gel were more effective in eliminating C. albicans and E. faecalis, followed by the castor oil and glycolic ginger extract. The Aloe vera extract showed no antimicrobial activity

In vitro evaluation of the action of irrigating solutions associated with intracanal medications on Escherichia coli and its endotoxin in root canals

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effcacy of auxiliary chemical substances and intracanal medications on Escherichia coli and its endotoxin in root canals. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Teeth were contaminated with a suspension of E. coli for 14 days and divided into 3 groups according to the auxiliary chemical substance used: G1) 2.5% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl); G2) 2% chlorhexidine gel (CLX); G3) pyrogenfree solution. After, these groups were subdivided according to the intracanal medication (ICM): A) Calcium hydroxide paste (Calen®), B) polymyxin B, and C) Calcium hydroxide paste+2% CLX gel. For the control group (G4), pyrogen-free saline solution was used without application of intracanal medication. Samples of the root canal content were collected immediately after biomechanical preparation (BMP), at 7 days after BMP, after 14 days of intracanal medication activity, and 7 days after removal of intracanal medication. The following aspects were evaluated for all collections: a) antimicrobial activity; b) quantifcation of endotoxin by the Limulus Amebocyte Lysate test (LAL). Results were analyzed by the Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn's tests at 5% signifcance level. RESULTS: The 2.5% NaOCl and CLX were able to eliminate E. coli from root canal lumen and reduced the amount of endotoxin compared to saline. CONCLUSIONS: It was concluded that 2.5% NaOCl and CLX were effective in eliminating E. coli. Only the studied intracanal medications were to reduce the amount of endotoxin present in the root canals, regardless of the irrigant used

Antimicrobial activity of sodium hypochlorite associated with intracanal medication for Candida albicans and Enterococcus faecalis inoculated in root canals

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the action of sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) associated with an intracanal medication against Candida albicans and Enterococcus faecalis inoculated in root canals. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Thirty-six human single-rooted teeth with single root canals were used. The canals were contaminated with C. albicans and E. faecalis for 21 days and were then instrumented with 1% NaOCl. The roots were divided into 3 groups (n=12) according to the intracanal medication applied: calcium hydroxide paste, 2% chlorhexidine (CHX) gel, and 2% CHX gel associated with calcium hydroxide. The following collections were made from the root canals: a) initial sample (IS): 21 days after contamination (control), b) S1: after instrumentation, c) S2: 14 days after intracanal medication placement; S3: 7 days after intracanal medication removal. The results were analyzed statistically by the Kruskal-Wallis test at 5% significance level. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Both 1% NaOCl irrigation and the intracanal medications were effective in eliminating E. faecalis and C. albicans inoculated in root canals

In vitro antimicrobial activity of auxiliary chemical substances and natural extracts on Candida albicans and Enterococcus faecalis in root canals

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of auxiliary chemical substances and natural extracts on Candida albicans and Enterococcus faecalis inoculated in root canals. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Seventy-two human tooth roots were contaminated with C. albicans and E. faecalis for 21 days. The groups were divided according to the auxiliary chemical substance into: G1) 2.5% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), G2) 2% chlorhexidine gel (CHX), G3) castor oil, G4) glycolic Aloe vera extract, G5) glycolic ginger extract, and G6) sterile saline (control). The samples of the root canal were collected at different intervals: confirmation collection, at 21 days after contamination; 1(st) collection, after instrumentation; and 2(nd) collection, seven days after instrumentation. Microbiological samples were grown in culture medium and incubated at 37º C for 48 hours. RESULTS: The results were submitted to the Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn (5%) statistical tests. NaOCl and CHX completely eliminated the microorganisms of the root canals. Castor oil and ginger significantly reduced the number of CFU of the tested bacteria. Reduction of CFU/mL at the 1(st) and 2(nd) collections for groups G1, G2, G3 and G4 was greater in comparison to groups G5 and G6. CONCLUSION: It was concluded that 2.5% sodium hypochlorite and 2% chlorhexidine gel were more effective in eliminating C. albicans and E. faecalis, followed by the castor oil and glycolic ginger extract. The Aloe vera extract showed no antimicrobial activity

Avaliação in vitro da ação de substâncias químicas auxiliares e medicações intracanais sobre Escherichia coli e sua endotoxina em canais radiculares

A proposta deste trabalho foi avaliar a efetividade de substâncias químicas auxiliares e medicações intracanais sobre Escherichia coli e sua endotoxina em canais radiculares. Foram utilizados 120 dentes unirradiculados que após secção das coroas as raízes foram impermeabilizadas e esterilizadas. Os canais foram contaminados com suspensão de Escherichia coli por 14 dias. Após a coleta de confirmação, foram instrumentados até a lima K 50 e escalonados até a K 80. Doze raízes foram utilizadas como controle (G4) e 108 raízes foram divididas em 3 grupos (n=36), de acordo com a substância química auxiliar utilizada: G1) hipoclorito de sódio 2,5%; G2) clorexidina gel 2% (CLX); G3) solução fisiológica apirogênica. Após o preparo biomecânico (PBM) estes grupos foram subdividos de acordo com a medicação intracanal utilizada (MIC) (n=12): A) hidróxido de cálcio (Ca(OH)2), B) polimixina B e C) Ca(OH)2 + CLX. No grupo G4 foi utilizada solução fisiológica apirogênica sem MIC. Foram realizadas coletas do conteúdo do canal radicular imediatamente após o PBM (1ª coleta), após 7 dias do PBM (2ª coleta), imediatamente após 14 dias da ação da MIC (3ª coleta) e 7 dias após remoção da MIC (4ª coleta). Para todas as coletas foram avaliadas: a) atividade antimicrobiana; b) quantificação de endotoxina pelo teste cromogênico do lisado de amebócitos de Limulus. As substâncias químicas auxiliares e as MICs utilizadas foram capazes de eliminar completamente E. coli dos canais radiculares. Para os resultados da quantidade de endotoxina foi aplicado teste estatístico Kruskall-Wallis e Dunn (5%). Na primeira e na segunda coleta verificou-se que os grupos G1 e G2 foram diferentes estatisticamente do grupo G3 (p0,05).The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of auxiliary chemical substances and intracanal medications on Escherichia coli (E. coli) and its endotoxin in root canals. The study was conducted on 120 single-rooted teeth. After sectioning of crowns, the root canals were contaminated with a suspension of E. coli for 14 days. After collection of confirmation, they were submitted to instrumentation up to K 50 file and step-back preparation up to K 80 file. Thereafter, twelve roots were used as control group (G4) and 108 roots were divided into 3 groups (n=36) according to the auxiliary chemical substance used: G1) 2.5% sodium hypochlorite; G2) 2% chlorhexidine gel (CLX); G3) apyrogenic saline solution. After biomechanical preparation (BMP), these groups were subdivided according to the intracanal medication (ICM) employed (n=12): A) calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2), B) polymyxin B, and C) Ca(OH)2 + 2% CLX gel. The control group (G4) was used apyrogenic saline solution without application of intracanal medication. Samples of the root canal content were collected immediately after PBM (1st collection), at 7 days after PBM (2nd collection), immediately after 14 days of ICM activity (3rd collection), and 7 days after removal of ICM (4th collection). The following aspects were evaluated for all collections: a) antimicrobial activity; b) quantification of endotoxin by the Limulus amebocyte lysate test. The auxiliary chemical substances and ICMs employed were able to completely eliminate E. coli from root canals. Results of the amount of endotoxin were analyzed by the Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn (5%) statistical tests. In the first and second collection, it was verified that groups G1 and G2 were statistically different from group G3 (p0.05).Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP

Avaliação dos extratos de própolis e de gengibre como medicação intracanal sobre microrganismos e endotoxinas em canais radiculares

A proposta deste trabalho foi avaliar a efetividade dos extratos glicólicos de própolis e de gengibre, hidróxido de cálcio, clorexidina gel e associações como medicação intracanal (MIC) sobre Candida albicans, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli e endotoxinas em canais radiculares. Foram utilizadas 96 raízes de dentes unirradiculados que tiveram seus canais contaminados com suspensões dos microrganismos por 28 dias. Após a coleta de confirmação, os canais foram instrumentados com solução salina e divididas de acordo com a medicação intracanal utilizada: hidróxido de cálcio [Ca(OH)2] + solução salina; clorexidina gel 2% (CLX); Ca(OH)2 + CLX; própolis (PRO); PRO + Ca(OH)2; gengibre (GENG); GENG + Ca(OH)2; solução salina. Foram realizadas as seguintes coletas do conteúdo do canal radicular: coleta de confirmação (após 28 dias de contaminação), 1a coleta (imediatamente após a instrumentação), 2ª coleta (imediatamente após 14 dias da ação da MIC), 3ª coleta (7 dias após remoção da MIC). Para todas as coletas foram avaliadas: a) atividade antimicrobiana; b) quantificação de endotoxinas pelo teste cromogênico do lisado de amebócitos de Limulus. Os resultados foram submetidos aos testes estatísticos Kruskal-Wallis e Dunn (5%). Verificou-se que todas as MIC foram capazes de eliminar os microrganismos dos canais radiculares, entretanto, o Ca(OH)2 não foi capaz de eliminar completamente C. albicans e E. faecalis. Verificou-se que as MIC contendo Ca(OH)2 foram capazes de diminuir significativamente as endotoxinas dos canais radiculares, sendo semelhantes entre si e diferentes do grupo salina. As medicações CLX, PRO, GENG e salina foram semelhantes entre si. Conclui-se que todas as MIC foram capazes de eliminar os microrganismos do canal radicular e reduzir a quantidade de endotoxinas dos canais radiculares, entretanto, as MIC à base de hidróxido...The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of glycolic propolis and ginger extracts, calcium hydroxide, chlorhexidine gel and associations as intracanal medication (ICM) on Candida albicans, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli and endotoxins in root canals. Ninety-six roots of single-rooted teeth were contaminated with suspensions of the microorganisms for 28 days. After the confirmation collection, the canals were instrumented with saline and divided according to the intracanal medication used: calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2] + saline; 2% chlorhexidine gel (CLX); Ca(OH)2 + CLX; propolis (PRO); PRO + Ca(OH)2; ginger (GENG); GENG + Ca(OH)2; saline. Samples of the root canal content were performed in the following periods: confirmation collection (after 28 days of contamination), 1st collection (immediately after instrumentation), 2nd collection (immediately after 14 days of the action of ICM), 3rd collection (7 days after removal of the ICM). All samples were analyzed according to the following parameters: a) antimicrobial activity, b) quantification of endotoxins by the chromogenic Limulus amoebocyte lysate assay. The results were statistically analyzed by the Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn tests (5%). It was verified that all ICM were able to eliminate the microorganisms from the root canals; however, the Ca(OH)2 was not able to completely eliminate C. albicans and E. faecalis. It was verified that ICM containing Ca(OH)2 were able to significantly decrease endotoxins from the root canals, being similar to each other and to the saline group. The medications CLX, PRO, GENG and saline were similar to each other. It was concluded that all ICM were able to eliminate the microorganisms from the root canal and reduce the amount of endotoxins from the root canals. However, the ICM containing calcium hydroxide were more effective in neutralizing endotoxinsCoordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES

Different extracts of Zingiber officinale decrease Enterococcus faecalis infection in Galleria mellonella

Dried, fresh and glycolic extracts of Zingiber officinale were obtained to evaluate the action against G. mellonella survival assay against Enterococcus faecalis infection. Eighty larvae were divided into: 1) E. faecalis suspension (control); 2) E. faecalis + fresh extract of Z. officinale (FEO); 3) E. faecalis + dried extract of Z. officinale (DEO); 4) E. faecalis + glycolic extract of Z. officinale (GEO); 5) Phosphate buffered saline (PBS). For control group, a 5 μL inoculum of standardized suspension (107 cells/mL) of E. faecalis (ATCC 29212) was injected into the last left proleg of each larva. For the treatment groups, after E. faecalis inoculation, the extracts were also injected, but into the last right proleg. The larvae were stored at 37 °C and the number of dead larvae was recorded daily for 168 h (7 days) to analyze the survival curve. The larvae were considered dead when they did not show any movement after touching. E. faecalis infection led to the death of 85% of the larvae after 168 h. Notwithstanding, in treatment groups with association of extracts, there was an increase in the survival rates of 50% (GEO), 61% (FEO) and 66% (DEO) of the larvae. In all treatment groups, the larvae exhibited a survival increase with statistically significant difference in relation to control group (p=0.0029). There were no statistically significant differences among treatment groups with different extracts (p=0.3859). It may be concluded that the tested extracts showed antimicrobial activity against E. faecalis infection by increasing the survival of Galleria mellonella larvae.Extratos seco, fresco e glicólico de Zingiber officinale foram obtidos para avaliar suas ações por meio de ensaio de sobrevivência em G. mellonella contra infecção por Enterococcus faecalis. Oitenta larvas foram divididas em: 1) Suspensão de E. faecalis (controle); 2) E. faecalis + extrato fresco de Z. officinale (FEO); 3) E. faecalis + extrato seco de Z. officinale (DEO); 4) E. faecalis + extrato glicólico de Z. officinale (GEO); 5) Solução tampão fosfato salina (PBS). Para o grupo de controle, 5 µL de inóculo de suspensão padronizada (107 células/mL) de E. faecalis (ATCC 29212) foi injetado na última proleg esquerda de cada lagarta. Para os grupos com tratamento, após a injeção de E. faecalis, os extratos foram injetados na última proleg direita. Após as injeções, as lagartas foram armazenadas a 37 °C e o número de animais mortos foi registrado diariamente em 168 h (7 dias) para analisar a curva de sobrevivência. As lagartas foram consideradas mortas quando elas não mostraram qualquer movimento após o toque. A infecção por E. faecalis levou à morte de 85% das lagartas após 168 h. Não obstante, nos grupos de tratamento com associação dos extratos, houve um aumento nas taxas de sobrevivência de 50% (GEO), 61% (FEO) e 66% (DEO) das lagartas. Em todos os grupos com tratamento, as lagartas apresentaram um aumento na sobrevivência, com diferença estatisticamente significativa em relação ao grupo controle (p=0,0029). Não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa entre os tratamentos com os diferentes extratos (p=0,3859). Pode concluir-se que os extratos testados mostraram atividade antimicrobiana contra a infecção por E. faecalis, aumentando a sobrevivência das lagartas de G. mellonella.Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP

In vitro antimicrobial activity of auxiliary chemical substances and natural extracts on Candida albicans and Enterococcus faecalis in root canals

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of auxiliary chemical substances and natural extracts on Candida albicans and Enterococcus faecali's inoculated in root canals. Material and Methods: Seventy-two human tooth roots were contaminated with C. albicans and E. faecalis for 21 days. The groups were divided according to the auxiliary chemical substance into: G1) 2.5% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), G2) 2% chlorhexidine gel (CHX), G3) castor oil, G4) glycolic Aloe vera extract, g5) glycolic ginger extract, and G6) sterile saline (control). The samples of the root canal were collected at different intervals: confirmation collection, at 21 days after contamination; 1st collection, after instrumentation; and 2nd collection, seven days after instrumentation. Microbiological samples were grown in culture medium and incubated at 37°C for 48 hours. Results: The results were submitted to the Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn (5%) statistical tests. NaOCl and CHX completely eliminated the microorganisms of the root canals. Castor oil and ginger significantly reduced the number of CFU of the tested bacteria. Reduction of CFU/mL at the 1st and 2nd collections for groups G1, G2, G3 and G4 was greater in comparison to groups G5 and G6. Conclusion: It was concluded that 2.5% sodium hypochlorite and 2% chlorhexidine gel were more effective in eliminating C. albicans and E. faecalis, followed by the castor oil and glycolic ginger extract. The Aloe vera extract showed no antimicrobial activity

Atividade antimicrobiana de enxaguatórios bucais sem álcool à base de clorexidina sobre candida albicans

The aim of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of alcohol-free mouthwashes on Candida albicans. Twenty clinical isolates of C. albicans and one reference strain (ATCC 18804) were evaluated after exposure to two 0.12% chlorhexidine-based and alcohol-free (“Ca” and “Or”) in comparison to gluconate chlorhexidine with ethanol (positive control). The maximum inhibitory dilution (MID) and maximum fugal dilution (MFD) were determined by the microdilution method. Twelve serial dilutions (from 50 to 0.02%) were prepared in duplicate. Then, 100 µL of C. albicans suspension (106 cells.mL–1) were added to the wells. After incubation (37 °C/24 hours), MID was determined by reading the optical density. For MFD determination, the content of the wells were plated on Saouraud agar. For MID, there were no differences between groups Or and control, but Ca group showed a MID statistically higher (Kruskal-Wallis, p = 0.0012). For MFD, there were no differences between Ca and control (Mann-Whitney test, p = 0.1631). It can be concluded that Ca group showed a fungicid activity against C. albicans similar to the control, but lower fungistatic activity when compared to the control. Group Or showed only a fungistatic action similar to control.A proposta deste estudo foi avaliar a atividade antimicrobiana de enxaguatórios bucais, à base de clorexidina, sem álcool na sua composição, sobre Candida albicans. Foram avaliados vinte isolados clínicos de C. albicans e uma cepa de referência (ATCC 18804) frente a dois enxaguatórios à base de digluconato de clorexidina 0,12% e sem etanol (“Ca” e “Or”), em comparação ao enxaguatório de gluconato de clorexidina com etanol (controle positivo). A máxima diluição inibitória (MDI) e a máxima diluição fungicida (MDF) foram determinadas pelo método de microdiluição. Foram realizadas 12 diluições seriadas dos produtos (de 50 a 0,02%) em duplicata. Em seguida, foram acrescentados 100 µL da suspensão de C. albicans (106 células.mL–1) nos poços das placas. Após incubação (37 °C/24 horas), a MDI foi determinada por meio da leitura das densidades ópticas. Para determinar a MDF, foram realizadas semeaduras do conteúdo dos poços em ágar Sabouraud. Não houve diferenças estatísticas entre os grupos Or e controle para a MDI, mas o grupo Ca mostrou uma MDI estatisticamente maior (Kruskal-Wallis, p = 0,0012). Já para MDF, não houve diferenças estatísticas entre os grupos Ca e controle (Teste de Mann-Whitney, p = 0,1631). Pode-se concluir que o grupo Ca apresentou atividade fungicida sobre C. albicans semelhante ao controle, mas menor ação fungistática em comparação ao controle, enquanto que o Or apresentou apenas ação fungistática semelhante ao controle sobre os isolados avaliados