Interface Treatment for Conjugate Conditions in the Lattice Boltzmann Method for the Convection Diffusion Equation

The lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) has emerged as an attractive numerical method for fluid flows and thermal and mass transport. For LBM modeling of transport between different phases or materials of distinct properties, effective treatment for the conjugate conditions at the interface is required. Recognizing the benefit of satisfying the conjugate conditions in each time step without iterative computations using LBM, various interface schemes have been proposed in the last decade. This chapter provides a review of those interface schemes, with a focus on the comparison of numerical accuracy and convergence orders. It is shown that in order to preserve the second-order accuracy in LBM, the local interface geometry must be considered; and the modified geometry-ignored interface schemes result in degraded convergence orders and/or much higher error magnitude. It is also verified that with appropriate interface schemes, interfacial transport with scalar and flux jumps can be effectively modeled

Empirical study of long-range connections in a road network offers new ingredient for navigation optimization models

Navigation problem in lattices with long-range connections has been widely studied to understand the design principles for optimal transport networks; however, the travel cost of long-range connections was not considered in previous models. We define long-range connection in a road network as the shortest path between a pair of nodes through highways and empirically analyze the travel cost properties of long-range connections. Based on the maximum speed allowed in each road segment, we observe that the time needed to travel through a long-range connection has a characteristic time Th ~ 29 min, while the time required when using the alternative arterial road path has two different characteristic times Ta ~ 13 and 41 min and follows a power law for times larger than 50 min. Using daily commuting origin–destination matrix data, we additionally find that the use of long-range connections helps people to save about half of the travel time in their daily commute. Based on the empirical results, we assign a more realistic travel cost to long-range connections in two-dimensional square lattices, observing dramatically different minimum average shortest path 〈l〉 but similar optimal navigation conditions.National Natural Science Foundation (China) (number 51208520)National Natural Science Foundation (China) (number 71071165)New England University Transportation Center (Year 23 grant)NEC Corporation of America (Funding award)Massachusetts Institute of Technology (Solomon Buchsbaum AT&T Research Fund)Central South University of Technology (China) (Shenghua Scholar Program

Preparation and Application of Oleogel as Fat Substitute in Plant-based Patties

In this study, oleogels were prepared with rapeseed oil and coconut oil as oil phase and monoglyceride (MG), beeswax, rice bran wax, carnauba wax or candelilla (CLW) wax as gelling agent, and the effects of different concentrations of gelling agent (5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%) on the oil-holding capacity, textural properties and rheological properties of oleogels were investigated. The results showed that the oil-holding capacity of the oleogels prepared with 15% and more gelling agent was more than 96%; the melting characteristics of MG were most similar to those of butter, but the textual properties of oleogels prepared with a single gelling agent were not comparable to that of butter. Therefore, mixtures of MG and CLW in different proportions by mass were used to prepare oleogels with 15% oleogels and plant-based patties. The results showed that the oleogel prepared with a 3:7 mixture of MG and CLW was the closest to butter in terms of textural and rheological properties, and the resulting patty had the highest sensory quality, showing that this oleogel has a better potential for use as a fat substitute

PRL-3 promotes the motility, invasion, and metastasis of LoVo colon cancer cells through PRL-3-integrin β1-ERK1/2 and-MMP2 signaling

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Phosphatase of regenerating liver-3 (PRL-3) plays a causative role in tumor metastasis, but the underlying mechanisms are not well understood. In our previous study, we observed that PRL-3 could decrease tyrosine phosphorylation of integrin β1 and enhance activation of ERK1/2 in HEK293 cells. Herein we aim to explore the association of PRL-3 with integrin β1 signaling and its functional implications in motility, invasion, and metastasis of colon cancer cell LoVo.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Transwell chamber assay and nude mouse model were used to study motility and invasion, and metastsis of LoVo colon cancer cells, respectively. Knockdown of integrin β1 by siRNA or lentivirus were detected with Western blot and RT-PCR. The effect of PRL-3 on integrin β1, ERK1/2, and MMPs that mediate motility, invasion, and metastasis were measured by Western blot, immunofluorencence, co-immunoprecipitation and zymographic assays.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>We demonstrated that PRL-3 associated with integrin β1 and its expression was positively correlated with ERK1/2 phosphorylation in colon cancer tissues. Depletion of integrin β1 with siRNA, not only abrogated the activation of ERK1/2 stimulated by PRL-3, but also abolished PRL-3-induced motility and invasion of LoVo cells in vitro. Similarly, inhibition of ERK1/2 phosphorylation with U0126 or MMP activity with GM6001 also impaired PRL-3-induced invasion. In addition, PRL-3 promoted gelatinolytic activity of MMP2, and this stimulation correlated with decreased TIMP2 expression. Moreover, PRL-3-stimulated lung metastasis of LoVo cells in a nude mouse model was inhibited when integrin β1 expression was interfered with shRNA.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Our results suggest that PRL-3's roles in motility, invasion, and metastasis in colon cancer are critically controlled by the integrin β1-ERK1/2-MMP2 signaling.</p

A Generalizability Analysis of the Mobile Phone Addiction Tendency Scale for Chinese College Students

College students’ mobile phone addiction is negatively associated with physical and mental health and academic performance. Many self-made questionnaires are currently being administered to Chinese college students to evaluate the mobile phone addiction tendency. Using the univariate generalizability theory and multivariate generalizability theory, this study investigated the psychometric properties and the internal structure of the Mobile Phone Addiction Tendency Scale (MPATS), the most widely used survey questionnaire assessing the status of Chinese college students’ mobile addiction. Data were a sample of 1,253 college students from the southwest of China. Primary analytic approaches included the generalizability design of univariate random measurement mode p × (i:h) and multivariate random measurement mode p˙ × i°. Results showed that the variance component of the participants and the variation related to the participants explained most of the variation of the scale, while the variance component of the items was small, and the generalizability coefficient and dependability index of the scale were 0.88 and 0.85. In the multivariate generalizability analysis, the variance component of the participants and the variation related to the participants accounted for most of the variation of the scale and the variance component of the items was small. The generalizability coefficients of withdrawal symptoms, salience, social comfort, and mood changes were 0.64–0.80, and the dependability indexes were 0.63–0.77. However, the generalizability coefficient and reliability index of universe score were 0.91 and 0.90. In addition, the contribution ratio of the four dimensions to the universe score variance was different from the assignment intention of the initial scale. Recommendations were discussed on the improvement of the test reliability for each dimension

Current-driven magnetization dynamics and their correlation with magnetization configurations in perpendicularly magnetized tunnel junctions

We study spin-transfer-torque driven magnetization dynamics of a perpendicular magnetic tunnel junction (MTJ) nanopillar. Based on the combination of spin-torque ferromagnetic resonance and microwave spectroscopy techniques, we demonstrate that the free layer (FL) and the weak pinned reference layer (RL) exhibit distinct dynamic behaviors with opposite frequency vs. field dispersion relations. The FL can support a single coherent spin-wave (SW) mode for both parallel and antiparallel configurations, while the RL exhibits spin-wave excitation only for the antiparallel state. These two SW modes corresponding to the FL and RL coexist at an antiparallel state and exhibit a crossover phenomenon of oscillation frequency with increasing the external magnetic field, which could be helpful in the mutual synchronization of auto-oscillations for SW-based neuromorphic computing.Comment: 13 pages, 5 figure

Phase-field-lattice Boltzmann method for dendritic growth with melt flow and thermosolutal convection–diffusion

We propose a new phase-field model formulated within the system of lattice Boltzmann (LB) equation for simulating solidification and dendritic growth with fully coupled melt flow and thermosolutal convection–diffusion. With the evolution of the phase field and the transport phenomena all modeled and integrated within the same LB framework, this method preserves and combines the intrinsic advantages of the phase-field method (PFM) and the lattice Boltzmann method (LBM). Particularly, the present PFM/LBM model has several improved features compared to the existing phase-field models including: (1) a novel multiple-relaxation-time (MRT) LB scheme for the phase-field evolution is proposed to effectively model solidification coupled with melt flow and thermosolutal convection–diffusion with improved numerical stability and accuracy, (2) convenient diffuse interface treatments are implemented for the melt flow and thermosolutal transport which can be applied to the entire domain without tracking the interface, and (3) the evolution of the phase field, flow, concentration, and temperature fields on the level of microscopic distribution functions in the LB schemes is decoupled with a multiple-time-scaling strategy (despite their full physical coupling), thus solidification at high Lewis numbers (ratios of the liquid thermal to solutal diffusivities) can be conveniently modeled. The applicability and accuracy of the present PFM/LBM model are verified with four numerical tests including isothermal, iso-solutal and thermosolutal convection–diffusion problems, where excellent agreement in terms of phase-field and thermosolutal distributions and dendritic tip growth velocity and radius with those reported in the literature is demonstrated. The proposed PFM/LBM model can be an attractive and powerful tool for large-scale dendritic growth simulations given the high scalability of the LBM