Investigation of extruded cereals enriched with plant by-products and their use in fermented beverage production

ArticleThe aim of the study was to analyse the quality of extruded cereals enriched with plant by-products and to obtain fermented drinks from production rejects. Extrusion was performed with co-rotating twin-screw extruder (compression ratio 8:1) at MILZU Ltd. from rye and oat flour (80:20, control samples) with addition of apple (ABF), carrot (CBF) and pumpkin (PBF) by-product flour in various amounts (10%, 15% and 20%). Naturally fermented kvass production process was used for non-alcoholic fermented beverage production. Total dietary fibre (TDF), textural properties and sensory features of extruded products after addition of by-products (BP) were determined. Dry matter, active acidity and sensory properties were analysed in fermented beverages. The obtained results showed a 12-55% increase in TDF of extruded cereals (11.8 g 100 g -1 ) after addition of plant by-products. All extruded samples with BP showed lower hardness levels than control (35.55 ± 2.95 N); samples with PBF were the least hard (P < 0.05). Samples with the lowest bulk density were obtained by the addition of 10% and 15% PBF, and 15% CBF, whereas addition of apple by-product flour in all tested concentrations gave the samples a higher bulk density compared to control. Highest taste and aftertaste scores using 5-point hedonic scale were given to samples with addition of 15% and 20% ABF, which also showed high consumer acceptance. With regards to fermented drinks, the highest dry matter content was found in PBF and ABF drink, 8.1 ± 0.1 and 7.0 ± 0.1, respectively. Sensory evaluation of fermented beverages showed that the intensity of flavour, acidity and aroma was most pronounced in sample with ABF, whereas colour was most pronounced in sample with PBF. In order to reduce production costs, it is possible to use production rejects of extruded cereals enriched with plant by-products to obtain new products

Findings in young adults at colonoscopy from a hospital service database audit

Background: Colorectal cancer (CRC) diagnosed at <50 years is predominantly located in the distal colon and rectum. Little is known about which lesion subtypes may serve as CRC precursors in young adults. The aim of this work was to document the prevalence and histological subtype of lesions seen in patients aged <50 years, and any associated clinical features. Methods: An audit of the colonoscopy database at The Queen Elizabeth Hospital in Adelaide, South Australia over a 12-month period was undertaken. Findings were recorded from both colonoscopy reports and corresponding histological examination of excised lesions. Results: Data were extracted from colonoscopies in 2064 patients. Those aged <50 comprised 485 (24%) of the total. CRC precursor lesions (including sessile serrated adenoma/polyps (SSA/P), traditional serrated adenomas, tubular adenomas ≥10 mm or with high-grade dysplasia, and conventional adenomas with villous histology) were seen in 4.3% of patients aged <50 and 12.9% of patients aged ≥50 (P <0.001). Among colonoscopies yielding CRC precursor lesions in patients under 50 years, SSA/P occurred in 52% of procedures (11/21), compared with 27% (55/204) of procedures in patients aged 50 and older (P = 0.02). SSA/P were proximally located in (10/11) 90% of patients aged under 50, and 80% (43/54) of those aged 50 and older (P = 0.46). Conclusions: SSA/P were the most frequently observed CRC precursor lesions in patients aged <50. Most CRCs in this age group are known to arise in the distal colon and rectum suggesting that lesions other than SSA/P may serve as the precursor for the majority of early-onset CRC.Stephanie Wong, Ilmars Lidums, Christophe Rosty, Andrew Ruszkiewicz, Susan Parry, Aung Ko Win, Yoko Tomita, Sina Vatandoust, Amanda Townsend, Dainik Patel, Jennifer E. Hardingham, David Roder, Eric Smith, Paul Drew, Julie Marker, Wendy Uylaki, Peter Hewett, Daniel L. Worthley, Erin Symonds, Graeme P. Young, Timothy J. Price and Joanne P. Youn

Capsule Endoscopy: A Valuable Tool in the Follow-Up of People With Celiac Disease on a Gluten-Free Diet

OBJECTIVES: Traditional celiac disease guidelines recommend follow-up endoscopy and duodenal biopsies at 6–12 months after commencing a gluten-free diet (GFD). However, histology may remain abnormal even 1–2 years later. We evaluated the role of capsule endoscopy in patients with celiac disease after treatment with a GFD. METHODS: Twelve adult patients with newly diagnosed celiac disease were prospectively enrolled. All patients had baseline symptom assessment, celiac serology (tissue transglutaminase antibody, tTG), and capsule endoscopy. Twelve months after commencing a GFD, patients underwent repeat symptom assessment, celiac serology, upper gastrointestinal endoscopy, and capsule endoscopy. RESULTS: At baseline, capsule endoscopy detected endoscopic markers of villous atrophy in the duodenum and extending to a variable distance along the small intestine. On the basis of small bowel transit time, the mean±s.e.m. percentage of small intestine with villous atrophy was 18.2±3.7%. After 12 months on a GFD, repeat capsule endoscopy demonstrated mucosal healing from a distal to proximal direction, and the percentage of small intestine with villous atrophy was significantly reduced to 3.4±1.2% (P¼0.0014) and this correlated with improvement in the symptom score (correlation 0.69, P¼0.01). There was a significant improvement in symptom score (5.2±1.0 vs. 1.7±0.4, P¼0.0012) and reduction in immunoglobulin A–tTG levels (81.5±10.6 vs. 17.5±8.2, P¼0.0005). However, 42% of subjects demonstrated persistent villous abnormality as assessed by duodenal histology. CONCLUSIONS: After 12 months on a GFD, patients with celiac disease demonstrate an improvement in symptoms, celiac serology, and the extent of disease as measured by capsule endoscopy. Mucosal healing occurs in a distal to proximal direction. The extent of mucosal healing correlates with improvement in symptoms. Duodenal histology does not reflect the healing that has occurred more distally.Ilmars Lidums, Edward Teo, John Field and Adrian G. Cummin