Circulation de la religion sur la place publique locale aux États-Unis

Les chercheurs et les critiques sociaux présument souvent que la religion influe sur la vie publique en nous fournissant des motifs que nous utilisons pour justifier nos opinions sur les enjeux sociaux. Cet article examine étroitement, d’un point de vue ethnographique, la façon dont le langage religieux circule dans deux associations volontaires locales, des sites de ce que j’appellerai la place publique locale. Dans ces deux associations de dénomination protestante, l’une ayant une théologie libérale et l’autre conservatrice, les membres présument qu’un « bon » croyant n’est pas quelqu’un qui parle abondamment de ses motifs religieux, mais quelqu’un qui agit en fonction de ces motifs. Dans les deux cas, cette notion commune d’identité religieuse impose des limites ou même le bâillon aux discussions religieuses. Contrairement à ce que croient les sceptiques et les défenseurs de la religion sur la place publique, il est fort possible que le simple citoyen américain ne soit pas intéressé à faire intervenir la religion dans les discussions publiques.Scholars and social critics often assume that religion influences public life by giving us reasons we use to justify opinions on social issues. This study takes a close, ethnographic look at how religious language circulates in two local voluntary associations—sites of what I will call the local public square. In these two, Protestant-based associations, one theologically liberal and the other conservative, members assumed that a “good” religious person is not someone who talks at length about religious rationales, but someone who acts on them. In both cases, these shared notions of religious identity limited and even silenced religious deliberation. Counter to assumptions of both skeptics and proponents of public religion, ordinary Americans may not be very interested in injecting religion into public deliberation.Los investigadores y los críticos sociales suponen a menudo que la religión influye sobre la vida pública proporcionándonos motivos que utilizamos para justificar nuestras opiniones sobre lo que está en juego a niveles sociales. Este artículo examina estrechamente, desde un punto de vista etnográfico, la forma en la que el lenguaje religioso circula en dos asociaciones voluntarias locales, lugares a los que llamaré el lugar público local. En estas dos asociaciones de denominación protestante, una teniendo una teología liberal y otra conservadora, los miembros suponen que un creyente no es alguien que habla demasiado de sus motivos religiosos, sino alguien que actúa en función de estos motivos. En los dos casos, este concepto común de identidad religiosa impone límites o incluso el bozal a los debates religiosos. Contrariamente a esto que creen los escépticos y los defensores de la religión en la plaza pública, son muy posibles que el simple ciudadano americano no esté interesado en hacer intervenir las religiones en los debates públicos

Millennials’ Use of Technology in Nature-based Settings: Understanding Value Discrepancy with an Integrative Approach to Technology Acceptance and Attention Restoration Theory

Abstract: This mixed methods study compares perceptions of millennials and nature-based tourism providers towards technology use in nature-based settings. A survey of 276 millennials and public sector nature-based providers was conducted. Survey data were analyzed to compare between millennials and providers using an independent sample t-test. A focus group of millennials was also conducted to obtain rich qualitative data about millennials’ views towards using technology while recreating outdoors. The results show that both providers and millennials perceived that the use of digital cameras, GPS and video cameras enhance experiences, while the use of drones, talking on a cell phone and virtual reality technologies diminish experiences. Further, the results reveal that millennials perceived the use of augmented reality, Wi-Fi, and laptop in nature-based settings more negatively, while the use of drones and music listening devices more positively than the providers did. This discrepancy between millennials and nature-based tourism providers is discussed

Organizational Perspective On Implementing The Residential Curriculum Approach: An Ethnographic Case Study

How does a college or university housing department adopt and adapt to a new curricular approach? This qualitative descriptive case study describes how one, mid-size, co-educational residence life department in the Midwestern region of the United States adopted the residential curriculum approach based on “The 10 Essential Elements of a Residential Curriculum” (The 10EERC) that are a foundational aspect of the content discussed at the ACPA – College Student Educators International’s annual Residential Curriculum Institute (RCI). This study is the first empirical research published on the residential curriculum approach. Additionally, there is a deficit in existing literature on Bolman and Deal’s (2014) Four Frames of Organizations – Structural, Human Resources, Political, and Symbolic – from a qualitative perspective in campus housing departments. The goal of this study is to determine conditions that contribute to effective practice, thereby positioning housing and residence life departments to contribute to, and enhance, student gains towards learning and development in on-campus living and learning environments. Research questions for the study address changes that occurred in the residence life unit when adopting the residential curriculum approach, participants’ perceptions of positives and challenges in the transition to the approach, and how residence life staff characterize their experience of adopting the approach. Data collection included a site visit for semi-structured interviews with professional and graduate staff, focus groups with student staff and student leaders affiliated with the department’s Residence Hall Association, a photo activity, and document analysis. Just as the human experience is complex, such is the case in organizations with competing institutional and departmental priorities, distinct staff roles and turnover, and human emotions. Findings reflect that institutional values influence the design of educational practices and tools and that participants reported positive experiences and challenges with communication. The dichotomy in participants’ accounts reveals the opportunity for transparency and inclusion of student leaders in departmental changes. Implications may inform (1) practice in housing and residence life departments, (2) graduate preparation programs and assistantships, (3) functional units in student affairs, (4) divisions of student affairs, (5) ACPA’s RCIs, and (6) The 10EERC. A new organizational tool incorporating Bolman and Deal’s (2014) four frames is presented

Analysis of Metal-Oxide Protected Photoelectrochemical Systems for Water Splitting

The photoelectrochemical splitting of water into oxygen and hydrogen gas is one pathway toward the renewable and economic generation of a fuel which is sufficiently scalable to power a large fraction, or even a majority, of the power requirements of modern society. In order to make such a device economically promising, it must be sufficiently cheap, have sufficiently high efficiency, or some combination thereof. In this work, two primary routes toward such a device are discussed; the first is the use of a cheaply prepared photoanode material, BiVO4, the interactions of this material with cobalt oxide based catalysts, and the use of such structures in more extreme pH ranges than have previous been reported. The second route details the application of a protective layer, TiO2, on otherwise unstable materials such as GaP and CdTe when operated as photoanodes in alkaline media. The further work herein applies operando ambientpressure x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (AP-XPS) to understand the nature of the energetics which allow conduction in the aforementioned TiO2, as well as other energetics in the electrochemical double layer in the adjacent electrolyte. Further experiments using Raman spectroscopy on associated III-V photoanode devices are also described

Influence of Substrates on the Long-Range Order of Photoelectrodeposited Se-Te Nanostructures

The long-range order of anisotropic phototropic Se–Te films grown electrochemically at room temperature under uniform-intensity, polarized, incoherent, near-IR illumination has been investigated using crystalline (111)-oriented Si substrates doped degenerately with either p- or n-type dopants. Fourier-transform (FT) analysis was performed on large-area images obtained with a scanning electron microscope, and peak shapes in the FT spectra were used to determine the pattern fidelity in the deposited Se–Te films. Under nominally identical illumination conditions, phototropic films grown on p^+-Si(111) exhibited a higher degree of anisotropy and a more well-defined pattern period than phototropic films grown on n+-Si(111). Similar differences in the phototropic Se–Te deposit morphology and pattern fidelity on p^+-Si versus n^+-Si were observed when the deposition rate and current densities were controlled for by adjusting the deposition parameters and illumination conditions. The doping-related effects of the Si substrate on the pattern fidelity of the phototropic Se–Te deposits are ascribable to an electrical effect produced by the different interfacial junction energetics between Se–Te and p^+-Si versus n^+-Si that influences the dynamic behavior during phototropic growth at the Se–Te/Si interface

Gastight Hydrodynamic Electrochemistry: Design for a Hermetically Sealed Rotating Disk Electrode Cell

Rotating disk electrodes (RDEs) are widely used in electrochemical characterization to analyze the mechanisms of various electrocatalytic reactions. RDE experiments often make use of or require collection and quantification of gaseous products. The combination of rotating parts and gaseous analytes makes the design of RDE cells that allow for headspace analysis challenging due to gas leaks at the interface of the cell body and the rotator. In this manuscript we describe a new, hermetically-sealed electrochemical cell that allows for electrode rotation while simultaneously providing a gastight environment. Electrode rotation in this new cell design is controlled by magnetically coupling the working electrode to a rotating magnetic driver. Calibration of the RDE using a tachometer shows that the rotation speed of the electrode is the same as that of the magnetic driver. To validate the performance of this cell for hydrodynamic measurements, limiting currents from the reduction of a potassium ferrocyanide (K_4[Fe(CN)_6] •3H_2O) were measured and shown to compare favorably with calculated values from the Levich equation and with data obtained using more typical, non-gastight RDE cells. Faradaic efficiencies of ~95% were measured in the gas phase for oxygen evolution in alkaline media at an Inconel 625 alloy electrocatalyst during rotation at 1600 rpm. These data verify that a gastight environment is maintained even during rotation

The Influence of Structure and Processing on the Behavior of TiO_2 Protective Layers for Stabilization of n-Si/TiO_2/Ni Photoanodes for Water Oxidation

Light absorbers with moderate band gaps (1–2 eV) are required for high-efficiency solar fuels devices, but most semiconducting photoanodes undergo photocorrosion or passivation in aqueous solution. Amorphous TiO_2 deposited by atomic-layer deposition (ALD) onto various n-type semiconductors (Si, GaAs, GaP, and CdTe) and coated with thin films or islands of Ni produces efficient, stable photoanodes for water oxidation, with the TiO_2 films protecting the underlying semiconductor from photocorrosion in pH = 14 KOH(aq). The links between the electronic properties of the TiO_2 in these electrodes and the structure and energetic defect states of the material are not yet well-elucidated. We show herein that TiO_2 films with a variety of crystal structures and midgap defect state distributions, deposited using both ALD and sputtering, form rectifying junctions with n-Si and are highly conductive toward photogenerated carriers in n-Si/TiO_2/Ni photoanodes. Moreover, the photovoltage of these electrodes can be modified by annealing the TiO_2 in reducing or oxidizing environments. All of the polycrystalline TiO_2 films with compact grain boundaries investigated herein protected the n-Si photoanodes against photocorrosion in pH = 14 KOH(aq). Hence, in these devices, conduction through the TiO_2 layer is neither specific to a particular amorphous or crystalline structure nor determined wholly by a particular extrinsic dopant impurity. The coupled structural and energetic properties of TiO_2, and potentially other protective oxides, can therefore be controlled to yield optimized photoelectrode performance

Enhancing the activity of oxygen-evolution and chlorine-evolution electrocatalysts by atomic layer deposition of TiO₂

We report that TiO₂ coatings formed via atomic layer deposition (ALD) may tune the activity of IrO₂, RuO₂, and FTO for the oxygen-evolution and chlorine-evolution reactions (OER and CER). Electrocatalysts exposed to ∼3–30 ALD cycles of TiO₂ exhibited overpotentials at 10 mA cm⁻² of geometric current density that were several hundred millivolts lower than uncoated catalysts, with correspondingly higher specific activities. For example, the deposition of TiO₂ onto IrO₂ yielded a 9-fold increase in the OER-specific activity in 1.0 M H₂SO₄ (0.1 to 0.9 mA cm_(ECSA)⁻² at 350 mV overpotential). The oxidation state of titanium and the potential of zero charge were also a function of the number of ALD cycles, indicating a correlation between oxidation state, potential of zero charge, and activity of the tuned electrocatalysts