Estudo histológico do fígado de ratos após administração de Croton Cajucara Benth (sacaca)

PURPOSE: To evaluate the hepatic effect of Croton cajucara Benth (sacaca) herbal extract in rats. METHODS: 60 Wistar rats (Rattus novergicus albinus) were used, weighing between 250 and 350 g. The animals were distributed randomically in 2 groups: GS - animals which received daily 0,1 ml/ 100 g of sacaca herbal extract through gavage, and GA -animals which received daily 0,1 ml/100g of distilled water through gavage. These were distributed in 3 subgroups with 10 animals, according to theirs euthanasia dates, which were 14th, 28th and 56th day of treatment. RESULTS: Architectural alterations were not observed, however when it was analyzed the presence or absence of necrosis, it was observed in 50% of GS28 subgroup and 90% of subgroup. In 50% of the animals from GS28 subgroup and 90% of GS56 subgroup was observed vast degeneration areas and zonal necrosis, regarding center-lobular veins alterations, there were no alterations in any of the groups CONCLUSION: The Croton cajucara Benth (sacaca) herbal extract in this experiment caused degeneration and hepatic necrosis, suggesting dose-dependent action.OBJETIVO: Avaliar histologicamente os efeitos do infuso, por gavagem, do Extrato Bruto Aquoso Seco (EBAS) do Croton cajucara Benth no fígado de ratos. MÉTODOS: Foram utilizados 60 ratos (Rattus novergicus albinus Wistar), pesando entre 250 e 350g. Os animais foram distribuídos de maneira aleatória em 2 grupos: GS - Grupo de animais que receberam 0,1ml/100g do infuso de sacaca, pela via oral e GA - Grupo de animais que recebeu 0,1ml/100g de água destilada, pela via oral. Estes foram distribuídos em 3 subgrupos de acordo com o dia da eutanásia, sendo esta realizada no 14º, 28º e 56º dia, cada um com 10 animais. RESULTADOS: Os resultados obtidos demonstraram que, microscopicamente, não houve alterações arquiteturais, porém quando se analisou a necrose hepatocitária, esta esteve presente em 50% do subgrupo GS28 e 90% do subgrupo GS56; as alterações inflamatórias puderam ser observadas tanto no subgrupo GS28 como no subgrupo GS56, sendo que neste último se fez presente em 80%, enquanto que no primeiro em apenas 20% dos animais submetidos ao experimento; 50% dos animais do subgrupo GS28 e 90% dos do subgrupo GS56 apresentaram extensa área de degeneração e necrose focal do hepatócito; em 100% dos animais tanto do GA como do GS não apresentaram qualquer alteração da veia centro-lobular. CONCLUSÃO: O infuso de Croton cajucara Benth (sacaca), nas condições deste experimento, foi capaz de determinar degeneração e necrose hepatocitária, sugerindo que a hepatotoxicidade à sacaca é dose dependente.State University of Pará Integrated Health DepartmentFederal University of São Paulo School of Medicine Surgical Gastroenterology DivisionUEPA Department of Integrated HealthUNIFESP, EPM, Surgical Gastroenterology DivisionSciEL

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear un derstanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5–7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8–11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world’s most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepre sented in biodiversity databases.13–15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may elim inate pieces of the Amazon’s biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological com munities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple or ganism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region’s vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most ne glected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lostinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear understanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5,6,7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8,9,10,11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world's most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepresented in biodiversity databases.13,14,15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may eliminate pieces of the Amazon's biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological communities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple organism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region's vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most neglected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lost

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear understanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5,6,7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8,9,10,11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world's most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepresented in biodiversity databases.13,14,15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may eliminate pieces of the Amazon's biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological communities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple organism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region's vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most neglected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lost

The oophorectomy effect on Walker 256 tumor inoculated into the vagina and uterine cervix of female rats Efeito da ooforectomia no tumor de Walker 256 inoculado em vagina e colo de útero de ratos fêmeas

PURPOSE: Verify the effect of oophorectomy on the evolution of the Walker 256 tumor inoculated into the vagina and cervix of female rats. METHODS: Ten Wistar, female rats were used, distributed into two groups with 05 animals each: Tumor group (TG): Rats inoculated with Walker 256 tumor; Oophorectomy group (OG): oophorectomized rats inoculated with Walker 256 tumor. The day before the tumor vaginal inoculation, acetic acid was inoculated into the vaginas of both groups of rats; the following day, the vaginal walls were scarified with an endocervix brush, and then Walker 256 tumor was inoculated. After 12 days, the tumor was removed together with the vagina and uterine horns for macro and microscopic analyses. The data were submitted to statistical analyses. RESULTS: There was no statistical difference between the two groups; however it was observed that the behavior of tumor growth on the OG group presented greater invasion, compromising the uterine horns. CONCLUSION: The results of the study on the GO group presented a macroscopic behavior different from the TG group, however, both of them presented similar development in terms of tumor mass.<br>OBJETIVO: Verificar o efeito da ooforectomia à inoculação do tumor de Walker 256 em vagina e colo de útero de ratas. MÉTODOS: Foram utilizadas 10 ratas Wistar, fêmeas, virgens, adultas, distribuídas em dois grupos de estudo com 05 animais cada: grupo tumor (GT): ratas inoculadas com tumor de Walker 256, e grupo Ooforectomia (GO): ratas ooforectomizadas e inoculadas com tumor de Walker 256. No dia anterior à inoculação vaginal do tumor, foram inoculados 0,3ml de ácido acético na vagina das ratas de ambos os grupos; no dia seguinte, foi realizada a escarificação da parede vaginal com uma escova de endocérvice e inoculado tumor de Walker 256. Após 12 dias, foi removido o tumor em bloco com vagina e cornos uterinos para análise macro e microscópica. Os dados foram submetidos à análise estatística. RESULTADOS: Não houve diferença estatística entre os dois grupos; no entanto, notou-se que o comportamento de crescimento do tumor no grupo GO apresentou maior invasividade em extensão, comprometendo cornos uterinos. CONCLUSÃO: Observou-se que o grupo GO apresentou comportamento macroscópico diferente ao grupo GT, no entanto, em termos totais de massa tumoral ambos apresentam desenvolvimento similar

Experimental inoculation model of Walker 256 carcinoma into vagina and cervix uteri of female rats Modelo experimental de Tumor de Walker 256 em vagina e colo de útero de ratas

PURPOSE: To establish an inoculation model of Walker 256 carcinoma on cervix uteri and vagina of rats. METHODS: Fifteen female rats were used, and assigned to three groups each one with five rats: group A - rats with 4x10(6) cells of Walker 256 carcinoma without acid acetic inoculation; group B - rats with 2x10(6) cells of Walker 256 carcinoma with acid acetic inoculation and group C: rats with 4x10(6) cells of Walker 256 carcinoma with acid acetic inoculation. The day before tumor cells inoculation the rats from groups B and C were anaesthetized with diethylether and 0,3 ml of acetic acid was inoculated into their vaginas. Tumor cell inoculation into the vagina and cervix was done under general anesthesia with diethylether. Then a endocervical brush was used to scrape the vaginal wall and after that 0,3 ml of the liquid containing tumor cells was inoculated on the vagina and cervix. For the tumor analysis, animals were euthanized at day 12 following tumor cell implantation by an excessive inhalation of diethylether. Tumor was resected entirely and weighed and the tumors were then sectioned and counter stained with hematoxylin and eosin for histopathologic evaluation. It was also calculated the percentage of tumor equivalent to the body weight by the formula: P= tumor weight / body weight x 100. Data were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance - ANOVA. P values < 0.05 were taken to indicate statistical significance. RESULTS: Implantation and growth on GB and GC was 100% and on GA 20%. There was no statistical difference between GB and GC averages. CONCLUSION: According to the methods used, the Walker 256 carcinoma inoculation model into vagina and cervix have an implantation and growth rate of 100% when associated with previous acid acetic inoculation and there is no behavioral difference between using 2x10(6) or 4x10(6) cells on its inoculation.<br>OBJETIVO: Estabelecer um modelo de inoculação de Tumor de Walker 256 em vagina e colo de útero de ratas. MÉTODOS: Foram utilizadas 15 ratas fêmeas, virgens, adultas, pesando entre 200-250g, distribuídas em três grupos de estudo com cinco animais cada: grupo A (GA): ratas com tumor de Walker 256 em concentração de 4x10(6) sem ácido acético; grupo B (GB): ratas com tumor de Walker 256 em concentração de 2x10(6) células com ácido acético; grupo C (GC): ratas com tumor de Walker 256 em concentração de 4x10(6) células com ácido acético. No dia anterior à inoculação do tumor, foi realizada a inoculação de 0,3 ml de ácido acético a 10% na vagina das ratas de GB e GC; no dia seguinte, tanto estas como as ratas do grupo GA foram anestesiadas, feita a escarificação da parede vaginal com uma escova de endocérvice e inoculado 0,3ml de tumor na concentração de 4x10(6) células nos grupos GA e GC e 2x10(6) células no grupo GB. Após 12 dias, foi realizada a eutanásia e removido o tumor em bloco com vagina e cornos uterinos para análise, sendo pesado e averiguado seu volume e calculado as relações entre o seu peso e o peso final da rata e o seu volume e o peso final da rata. Os dados foram colhidos e submetidos à análise estatística pelo método ANOVA (um critério). RESULTADOS: A pega em GB e GC foi 100% e em GA 20%. Não houve diferença estatística entre as médias obtidas entre GB e GC. CONCLUSÃO: De acordo com a metodologia utilizada, o modelo de tumor de Walker 256 na vagina apresenta pega de 100% quando associado a ácido acético e não há diferença de comportamento com a inoculação de 4x10(6)ou 2x10(6) células

The effect of copaiba balsam on Walker 256 carcinoma inoculated into the vagina and uterine cervix of female rats Efeito do óleo de copaíba no tumor de Walker 256 inoculado em vagina e colo de útero de ratas fêmeas

PURPOSE: To verify the copaiba balsam (Copaifera officinalis) effect on Walker 256 carcinoma inoculated into vagina and uterine cervix of rats. METHODS: Eighteen female Wistar rats weighing between 180-250g were used, distributed into 2 groups (GCop, GC). On the 1st day of the experiment, 0.3 ml of Walker 256 carcinoma (2x10(6) concentration) was inoculated in both groups; on the 3rd day of the experiment, it was given 4.8 ml/kg of distilled water to the GC group, and 4.8 ml/kg of copaiba balsam to the GCop group. On the 12th day, euthanasia was performed and the tumor was grafted, being weighted and verified its volume. The data were submitted to statistical analysis with ANOVA test. RESULTS: It was observed that copaiba balsam presented a negative inhibitory potential of 70%. CONCLUSION: The copaiba balsam stimulated the tumor growth.<br>OBJETIVO: Verificar o efeito do óleo de copaíba da espécie Copaifera officinalis no carcinoma de Walker 256 inoculado em vagina e colo de útero de ratas. MÉTODOS: Foram utilizadas 18 ratas da linhagem Wistar, pesando entre 180-250g, distribuídas em dois grupos (CCop, GC). No 1º dia de experimento, em ambos os grupos foi inoculado 0,3ml de tumor de Walker 256 na concentração de 2x10(6); no 3º dia após essa inoculação, foi iniciada a administração de água destilada na dose de 4,8 ml/kg ao GC, e copaíba na dose de 4,8 ml/kg ao GCop. No 12º dia foi realizada a eutanásia das ratas e ressecado o tumor, sendo este pesado e averiguado seu volume. Os dados obtidos foram submetidos à análise estatística pelo método ANOVA. RESULTADOS: Observou-se que o óleo de copaíba apresentou um potencial inibitório negativo de 70%. CONCLUSÃO: O óleo de copaíba estimulou o crescimento tumoral