Effect of weight loss on the macronutrient specific postprandial hormone response (RepDiet)

Wie steuert der menschliche Körper die Nahrungsaufnahme und damit das Körpergewicht? Dies ist eine zentrale Frage im Forschungsgebiet der Adipositas und Gewichtsreduktion. Neben neuroendokrinen Mechanismen, unabhängig von einer akuten Nahrungszufuhr, haben Hormone, die während und nach dem Essen freigesetzt werden und von denen wir wissen, dass sie Sättigung und Nahrungszufuhr beeinflussen, natürlich ebenfalls einen wesentlichen Anteil. Diese Arbeit geht insbesondere dem genaueren Verständnis der nahrungsabhängigen Regulation verschiedener Hormone, die in Sättigung und Appetitsverhalten involviert sind, nach. Die Frage nach der „richtigen“ Diät bzw. Ernährung treibt Populär- wie Naturwissenschaften seit langem umher, denn die Daten zeigen tatsächlich, dass diese Hormone unterschiedlich auf verschiedene Diäten reagieren können. Gleichzeitig beeinflusst aber auch Gewichtsverlust diese Hormone. Momentan fehlt jedoch ein spezifisches und tiefgreifendes Verständnis dieser Interaktionen. Inwiefern diese Hormone unterschiedlich auf verschiedene Diäten reagieren und welche Auswirkungen eine Gewichtsreduktion darauf hat, waren daher die zentralen Fragen unserer Studie. Wir untersuchten 32 Proband*innen mit Übergewicht und Adipositas hinsichtlich ihrer Hormonantwort (Insulin, Ghrelin, GIP und GLP-1) nach dem Verzehr von drei unter-schiedlichen Testmahlzeiten. Diese drei Mahlzeiten betonten dabei jeweils einen Mak-ronutrienten (Kohlenhydrate (CHO), Protein (PRO), Fett (FAT)). Dann durchliefen alle Proband*innen eine Gewichtsreduktionsintervention und anschließend die gleichen Untersuchungen, um den additiven Einfluss des Gewichtsverlusts auf diese Regulation zu untersuchen. Dabei sahen wir, dass Insulin, GIP und GLP-1 auf die unterschiedlichen Zusammensetzungen auch unterschiedlich reagierten. Ghrelin zeigte keine Unterschiede in der Reaktion auf die verschiedenen Makronutrienten. Nach der Gewichtsabnahme veränderten sich die Werte (in Abgrenzung vom Muster) von Insulin, Ghrelin und GLP-1, nicht jedoch die Werte von GIP. Insulin, GIP und GLP-1 reagierten differenziell auf die Testmahlzeiten (Muster) und dies veränderte sich durch den Gewichtsverlust nur wenig. Dabei fiel auf, dass GLP-1 eine besonders starke Reaktion auf PRO sowohl vor als auch nach der Gewichtsreduktion zeigt. Dieses Ergebnis ist insofern interessant, dass GLP-1 als akutes Sättigungshormon und Signalgeber in der Nahrungsaufnahme bekannt ist. Insbesondere in den letzten Jahren hat es sich als attraktives und effektives Ziel in der pharmakologischen Therapie der Adipositas herausgestellt. Dies könnte ein Erklärungsansatz für die bereits beschriebene vorteilhafte Rolle von proteinbetonter Nahrung im Rahmen von Gewichtsreduktionsprogrammen sein. Zudem kann unser Ergebnis dazu beitragen, die diätetische Therapie bei Adipositas, möglicherweise auch im Rahmen einer individualisierten Medizin, zu verbessern.How does the human body regulate energy intake and subsequently body weight? That is one of the main questions in the field of obesity and weight reduction research. There are neuroendocrine mechanisms working independently of momentary food intake and there are hormones being released during and after a meal that have part in it because they can regulate satiety and food intake. This piece of work aims to investigate how diet regulates different hormones that are involved in satiety and appetite. The quest for the “right” diet has been an ongoing one for both popular and natural sciences. The data actually show that hormones react differently to different diets. To make matters more complicated, weight loss also influences these hormones, though. Currently, we lack a specific and comprehensive understanding of these interactions. This is how we came to the central questions of this study: How do hormones react to different diets and how does weight loss affect those differences? We investigated 32 study participants with overweight or obesity regarding their hormonal response (insulin, ghrelin, GIP, and GLP-1) after eating mixed meals. The mixed meals were different in their composition and emphasized a single macronutrient (carbohydrates (CHO), protein (PRO), or fat (FAT)) each. The participants then underwent a weight re-duction intervention after which we performed the same tests again in order to determine the added influence of weight loss on hormonal response. Our data showed that insulin, GIP, and GLP-1 reacted differently to the different meal compositions. Ghrelin did not exhibit a differential reaction to the macronutrients. After weight loss, insulin, ghrelin, and GLP-1 levels (as opposed to patterns) changed but not GIP. Insulin, GIP, and GLP-1 reacted differentially to the test meals (patterns) and changed only slightly after weight loss. We noticed that GLP-1 showed an especially pro-nounced reaction to PRO, both before and after weight loss. This finding is interesting because GLP-1 is known as an acute satiety hormone and sig-nal in food intake. In the past couple of years, it has proven itself both an attractive and effective target in the pharmacological therapy of obesity. This might be an explanation for the documented, favorable role of protein-heavy diets in weight loss programs. Our finding might contribute to improve the dietetic therapy of obesity, possibly in an individ-ualized manner

Formalizing space and place

International audienceThe space/place dichotomy has long been recognized in geography, and more broadly in the social sciences. The geographic information technologies that have emerged in the past few decades are almost exclusively spatial, however. The concepts, principles, and tools of the spatial perspective are reviewed, along with their importance in facilitating multidisciplinary social science. Arguments for a comparable placial perspective are presented and discussed

Impacts of sea-land and mountain-valley circulations on the air pollution in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (BTH): A case study

In the study, observational data analyses and the WRF-CHEM model simulations are used to investigate the role of sea-land and mountain-valley breeze circulations in a severe air pollution event occurred in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (BTH) during August 9-10, 2013. Both the wind observations and the model simulations have clearly indicated the evolution of the sea-land and mountain-valley breeze circulations during the event. The WRF-CHEM model generally reproduces the local meteorological circulations and also performs well in simulating temporal variations and spatial distributions of fine particulate matters (PM2.5) and ozone (O-3) concentrations compared to observations in BTH. The model results have shown that the offshore land breeze transports the pollutants formed in Shandong province to the Bohai Gulf in the morning, causing the formation of high O-3 and PM2.5 concentrations over the gulf. The onshore sea breeze not only causes the formation of a convergence zone to induce upward movement, mitigating the surface pollution to some degree, also recirculates the pollutants over the gulf to deteriorate the air quality in the coastal area. The upward valley breeze brings the pollutants in the urban area of Beijing to the mountain area in the afternoon, and the downward mountain breeze transports the pollutants back during nighttime. The intensity of the mountain-valley breeze circulation is weak compared to the land-sea breeze circulation in BTH. It is worth noting that the local circulations play an important role when the large-scale meteorological conditions are relatively weak. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved

Cultivation of Artificial Algal Crust and Its Effect on Soil Improvement in Sandy Area

Algae are the pioneer species of biological soil crusts. Cyanobacteria, microschwannophyta and pseudocladophyta can form fixed quicksand algae crusts on the surface of sand surface. Through artificial culture, soil crusts can be formed in a short time. The development and succession of algeal-sand crust promoted the enrichment of nutrients in the sand surface layer, and created conditions for the reproduction of micro-soil organisms and the colonization of herbaceous plants, thus promoting the desert ecosystem to enter a virtuous cycle. This chapter will focus on the cultivation process of artificial soil crust and its effect on soil improvement (soil organic matter and nitrogen) in sandy areas. In conclusion, the application of algal solution can rapidly form algal crusts, and according to the research results, the formation of algal crusts can significantly improve the chemical and biological properties of soil

Thickness of Extraocular Muscle and Orbital Fat in MRI Predicts Response to Glucocorticoid Therapy in Graves’ Ophthalmopathy

33 patients with active, moderate-severe Graves’ ophthalmopathy (GO) received 4.5 g methylprednisolone for 12 weeks and were divided by efficacy into two groups (responsive and unresponsive). All patients and 10 controls underwent orbital MRI examination at baseline. No significant difference was seen in baseline clinical characteristics between the two GO groups. The values of exophthalmos were higher in both GO groups than in the control and were higher in the responsive group versus the unresponsive group. Compared to the unresponsive group, the responsive group had a thicker inferior rectus as well as thinner orbital fat. The inferior rectus/fat ratio was significantly higher in the responsive group versus the unresponsive group. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the exophthalmos value and inferior rectus/fat ratio were significantly associated with the response to glucocorticoid (GC). ROC analysis revealed that the cut-off points of the inferior rectus/fat ratio combined with the exophthalmos value to indicate efficacy were 1.42 and 20.78. For moderate-severe GO patients with CAS > 3, the combined inferior rectus/fat ratio and exophthalmos value in MRI may be a valuable indicator to predict the response to GC therapy

Food safety analysis and management of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli in edible agricultural products and kitchen

The sources and transmission routes of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) in edible agricultural products are analyzed. And the relationship between STEC contamination and food safety in home kitchen is discussed. The current supervision of STEC in edible agricultural products around the world is introduced. The solution and suggestion for the control of STEC in the home kitchen of China are proposed

TOD typologies for metro stations based on the butterfly model

As a promising planning strategy for urban sustainability, transit-oriented development (TOD) has been widely encouraged and adopted to integrate land use and transport systems. Because of the different applications in form, function and impact, it is necessary to explore context-based TOD typologies to better map the TOD specificities and focus on strategic planning. As the best-known method, the node-place model provides a useful analytical framework to evaluate TOD typologies. However, by using two indexes to aggregate the node and place value, details of some important TOD characteristics are disregarded in this model. Proposing a multi-axial indexes system, the butterfly model can perform a more detailed evaluation of node and place. In this research, we have revised and optimized the butterfly model and taken Tianjin Metro Line 1 as a case study. We find that all stations can be divided into five TOD types with significant spatial variations. TOD principles have already been implemented in Tianjin with good integration between metro system and land use. The method demonstrated in this paper equips urban planners with a useful tool for evaluating TOD performance and adopting more targeted strategies