Swift Observations of X-ray supernovae

We present a result of X-ray supernovae (SNe) survey using the Swift satellite public archive. An automatic searching program was designed to search X-ray SNe among all of the Swift archival observations between November 2004 and February 2011. Using the C++ program, 24 X-ray detectable supernovae have been found in the archive and 3 of them were newly-discovered in X-rays which are SN 1986L, SN 2003lx, and SN 2007od. In addition, SN 2003lx is a Type Ia supernova which may be the second X-ray detectable Type Ia after SN 2005ke (Immler et al. 2006). Calibrated data of luminous type Ib/c supernovae was consistent to the X-ray emission model done by Chevalier & Fransson (1994). Statistics about the luminosities and hardness ratio have been done to purpose of getting the X-ray emission features of the X-ray supernovae. The results from this work help investigating the X-ray evolution of SNe and developing similar X-ray SNe surveys in various X-rays missions

Atmospheric pressure as a natural climate regulator for a terrestrial planet with a biosphere

Lovelock and Whitfield suggested in 1982 that, as the luminosity of the Sun increases over its life cycle, biologically enhanced silicate weathering is able to reduce the concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO_2) so that the Earth's surface temperature is maintained within an inhabitable range. As this process continues, however, between 100 and 900 million years (Ma) from now the CO_2 concentration will reach levels too low for C_3 and C_4 photosynthesis, signaling the end of the solar-powered biosphere. Here, we show that atmospheric pressure is another factor that adjusts the global temperature by broadening infrared absorption lines of greenhouse gases. A simple model including the reduction of atmospheric pressure suggests that the life span of the biosphere can be extended at least 2.3 Ga into the future, more than doubling previous estimates. This has important implications for seeking extraterrestrial life in the Universe. Space observations in the infrared region could test the hypothesis that atmospheric pressure regulates the surface temperature on extrasolar planets

Evaporative segregation in 80 percent Ni-20 percent Cr and 60 percent Fe-40 percent Ni alloys

The phenomenon of evaporative segregation in binary alloys has been investigated through a study of some experimental evaporation data relating to the Ni-Cr and Ni-Fr systems. In normal evaporation it is assumed that (1) the evaporating alloy is always homogeneous, (2) the vapor is instantly removed, and (3) the alloy follows Raoult's law. The solutions of the evaporation equations for the two most important cases are presented and experimental data are analyzed with these equations. The difference between observed and calculated values of evaporation constants lies within one order of magnitude. This is surprising because of the major assumptions stated above. Experimental results have shown that the evaporation time and final solute concentration are logarithmically related, further supporting our evaporation equations. It is further shown that neglecting the nonlogarithmic term in these evaporation equations may introduce considerable errors in the analysis

Finding diamonds in the rough: Targeted Sub-threshold Search for Strongly-lensed Gravitational-wave Events

Strong gravitational lensing of gravitational waves can produce duplicate signals separated in time with different amplitudes. We consider the case in which strong lensing produces identifiable gravitational-wave events and weaker sub-threshold signals hidden in the noise background. We present a search method for the sub-threshold signals using reduced template banks targeting specific confirmed gravitational-wave events. We apply the method to all events from Advanced LIGO's first and second observing run O1/O2. Using GW150914 as an example, we show that the method effectively reduces the noise background and raises the significance of (near-) sub-threshold triggers. In the case of GW150914, we can improve the sensitive distance by $2.0\% - 14.8\%$. Finally, we present the top $5$ possible lensed candidates for O1/O2 gravitational-wave events that passed our nominal significance threshold of False-Alarm-Rate $\leq 1/30$ days