A reference library for Canadian invertebrates with 1.5 million barcodes, voucher specimens, and DNA samples

The synthesis of this dataset was enabled by funding from the Canada Foundation for Innovation, from Genome Canada through Ontario Genomics, from NSERC, and from the Ontario Ministry of Research, Innovation and Science in support of the International Barcode of Life project. It was also enabled by philanthropic support from the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation and from Ann McCain Evans and Chris Evans. The release of the data on GGBN was supported by a GGBN – Global Genome Initiative Award and we thank G. Droege, L. Loo, K. Barker, and J. Coddington for their support. Our work depended heavily on the analytical capabilities of the Barcode of Life Data Systems (BOLD, www.boldsystems.org). We also thank colleagues at the CBG for their support, including S. Adamowicz, S. Bateson, E. Berzitis, V. Breton, V. Campbell, A. Castillo, C. Christopoulos, J. Cossey, C. Gallant, J. Gleason, R. Gwiazdowski, M. Hajibabaei, R. Hanner, K. Hough, P. Janetta, A. Pawlowski, S. Pedersen, J. Robertson, D. Roes, K. Seidle, M. A. Smith, B. St. Jacques, A. Stoneham, J. Stahlhut, R. Tabone, J.Topan, S. Walker, and C. Wei. For bioblitz-related assistance, we are grateful to D. Ireland, D. Metsger, A. Guidotti, J. Quinn and other members of Bioblitz Canada and Ontario Bioblitz. For our work in Canada’s national parks, we thank S. Woodley and J. Waithaka for their lead role in organizing permits and for the many Parks Canada staff who facilitated specimen collections, including M. Allen, D. Amirault-Langlais, J. Bastick, C. Belanger, C. Bergman, J.-F. Bisaillon, S. Boyle, J. Bridgland, S. Butland, L. Cabrera, R. Chapman, J. Chisholm, B. Chruszcz, D. Crossland, H. Dempsey, N. Denommee, T. Dobbie, C. Drake, J. Feltham, A. Forshner, K. Forster, S. Frey, L. Gardiner, P. Giroux, T. Golumbia, D. Guedo, N. Guujaaw, S. Hairsine, E. Hansen, C. Harpur, S. Hayes, J. Hofman, S. Irwin, B. Johnston, V. Kafa, N. Kang, P. Langan, P. Lawn, M. Mahy, D. Masse, D. Mazerolle, C. McCarthy, I. McDonald, J. McIntosh, C. McKillop, V. Minelga, C. Ouimet, S. Parker, N. Perry, J. Piccin, A. Promaine, P. Roy, M. Savoie, D. Sigouin, P. Sinkins, R. Sissons, C. Smith, R. Smith, H. Stewart, G. Sundbo, D. Tate, R. Tompson, E. Tremblay, Y. Troutet, K. Tulk, J. Van Wieren, C. Vance, G. Walker, D. Whitaker, C. White, R. Wissink, C. Wong, and Y. Zharikov. For our work near Canada’s ports in Vancouver, Toronto, Montreal, and Halifax, we thank R. Worcester, A. Chreston, M. Larrivee, and T. Zemlak, respectively. Many other organizations improved coverage in the reference library by providing access to specimens – they included the Canadian National Collection of Insects, Arachnids and Nematodes, Smithsonian Institution’s National Museum of Natural History, the Canadian Museum of Nature, the University of Guelph Insect Collection, the Royal British Columbia Museum, the Royal Ontario Museum, the Pacifc Forestry Centre, the Northern Forestry Centre, the Lyman Entomological Museum, the Churchill Northern Studies Centre, and rare Charitable Research Reserve. We also thank the many taxonomic specialists who identifed specimens, including A. Borkent, B. Brown, M. Buck, C. Carr, T. Ekrem, J. Fernandez Triana, C. Guppy, K. Heller, J. Huber, L. Jacobus, J. Kjaerandsen, J. Klimaszewski, D. Lafontaine, J-F. Landry, G. Martin, A. Nicolai, D. Porco, H. Proctor, D. Quicke, J. Savage, B. C. Schmidt, M. Sharkey, A. Smith, E. Stur, A. Tomas, J. Webb, N. Woodley, and X. Zhou. We also thank K. Kerr and T. Mason for facilitating collections at Toronto Zoo and D. Iles for servicing the trap at Wapusk National Park. This paper contributes to the University of Guelph’s Food from Thought research program supported by the Canada First Research Excellence Fund. The Barcode of Life Data System (BOLD; www.boldsystems.org)8 was used as the primary workbench for creating, storing, analyzing, and validating the specimen and sequence records and the associated data resources48. The BOLD platform has a private, password-protected workbench for the steps from specimen data entry to data validation (see details in Data Records), and a public data portal for the release of data in various formats. The latter is accessible through an API (http://www.boldsystems.org/index.php/resources/api?type=webservices) that can also be controlled through R75 with the package ‘bold’76.Peer reviewedPublisher PD

A molecular-based identification resource for the arthropods of Finland

Publisher Copyright: © 2021 The Authors. Molecular Ecology Resources published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.To associate specimens identified by molecular characters to other biological knowledge, we need reference sequences annotated by Linnaean taxonomy. In this study, we (1) report the creation of a comprehensive reference library of DNA barcodes for the arthropods of an entire country (Finland), (2) publish this library, and (3) deliver a new identification tool for insects and spiders, as based on this resource. The reference library contains mtDNA COI barcodes for 11,275 (43%) of 26,437 arthropod species known from Finland, including 10,811 (45%) of 23,956 insect species. To quantify the improvement in identification accuracy enabled by the current reference library, we ran 1000 Finnish insect and spider species through the Barcode of Life Data system (BOLD) identification engine. Of these, 91% were correctly assigned to a unique species when compared to the new reference library alone, 85% were correctly identified when compared to BOLD with the new material included, and 75% with the new material excluded. To capitalize on this resource, we used the new reference material to train a probabilistic taxonomic assignment tool, FinPROTAX, scoring high success. For the full-length barcode region, the accuracy of taxonomic assignments at the level of classes, orders, families, subfamilies, tribes, genera, and species reached 99.9%, 99.9%, 99.8%, 99.7%, 99.4%, 96.8%, and 88.5%, respectively. The FinBOL arthropod reference library and FinPROTAX are available through the Finnish Biodiversity Information Facility (www.laji.fi) at https://laji.fi/en/theme/protax. Overall, the FinBOL investment represents a massive capacity-transfer from the taxonomic community of Finland to all sectors of society.Peer reviewe

Paramyia lustrum Levesque-Beaudin & Mlynarek 2020, new species

Paramyia lustrum, new species (Fig. 9–10; 28) Description. (Fig. 9) Total length ♂ 1.4–1.7 mm, ♀ 1.6–2.3 mm. Overall colour brown to dark brown, frontal tri- angle dark brown, shiny, reaching lunule; frons 1.0–1.13 times longer than wide and 1.9–2.0 times wider than flagellum; width at widest point 2.0–2.1 times the bottom eye width; gena brown with prunescence, 0.12–0.16 times eye height; postgena dark brown, with light prunescence and 0.24–0.28 width of head; scape and pedicel dark brown, first flagellomere subquadrate, same length than width, dark brown with pale pubescence, arista dark brown and 2.0–2.2 times width of first flagellomere; medium facial carina, easily visible laterally; palpus dark brown with 4–5 enlarge setae apically and 1 ventral seta pre-apical, labium brown to dark brown 0.35–40 mm and labella brown 0.45–0.48 mm long. Scutum shiny brown to dark brown; scutellum dark brown, microsetose; fore femur brown with apical anterodorsal part with a strong circle shape patch yellowish to light brown; fore tibia brown on dorsal and posterior side with base and apex yellowish and anterior side light brown to yellowish; femur and tibia on mid and hind leg brown; all junction of femur and tibia (“knee”) yellowish; all tarsi yellowish; hind basitarsus shorter than length of tarsi 2–4 combined; haltere uniformly brown; wing 1.42–1.50 mm long; abdomen shiny dark brown with first tergite often slightly paler. Male postabdomen (Fig. 10). Epandrium in lateral view 1.06 times higher than wide, in posterior view 2.3 times wider than high (before cerci), small setae densely covering posterior portion of epandrium mixed with a low density of large setae; surstylus 1.2 times as high as epandrium, paddle shape with a large circular structure situated basally with lots of short markings within and a distinct dent on the anterior side of the apical portion, setae medium length, covering anterior side and distal half of surstylus; cerci small and slightly blunt apically, 0.6 times length of surstylus in posterior view, with a pair of very long preapical setae and other shorter setae, less than 1/3 its length, apically swollen in lateral view. Molecular barcode sequence can be accessed through GenBank Accession: KR391632 and BOLD BIN: BOLD: AAG0176 (average p-distance within BIN: 0.09%). Distribution (Fig. 28). Widespread throughout North America Type material. Holotype ♂. CANADA: Quebec: St-Charles Bog, 22.vi.2006, A.G. Taillefer, sweep, (formerly in LEMQ, now deposited in CNC) [LEM-0043800]. Paratypes. CANADA: Nova Scotia: Kejimkujik, Grafton Lake, 44.383°N, 65.2023°W, 103m, 1♀, 03.viii.2009, BIObus 2009 (BIOUG); Ontario: Frontenac Co., Skycroft Campground, 5km W Chaffeys Locks, 44.55°N, 76.3667°W, 2♂, 14–19.vii.1987, B. Hubley, Malaise trap (ROM), Guelph, U of G Arboretum, 43.54°N, 80.21°W, 1♂, 22–29.vi.2008, B.V. Brown, unbaited pitfalls (DEBU), Hilton Township, Tendy Bay, 46.09°N, 83.92°W, 1♂, 27.viii.1994, J.E. Swann, Malaise trap (ROM), Mer Bleu, 5 mi. E. Ottawa, 45.39°N, 75.51°W, 1♂, 6.viii.1966, D.D. Munroe, Malaise trap (CNC), 1♂, 11.vii.1966, D.D. Munroe, Malaise trap (CNC), 1♂, 25.vi.1964 (CNC), 1♂, 29.vii.1966, D.D. Munroe, Malaise trap (CNC), 2♂, 17.vii.1966, D.D. Munroe, Malaise trap (CNC), 1♂, 25.vii.1966, D.D. Munroe, Malaise trap (CNC), Oliver bog, 3km S. Galt, 43.34°N, 80.3°W, 1♂, 27.vi–4.vii.2006, D. Blades (DEBU), 1♂, 3–10.vii.2006, D. Blades (DEBU), Ottawa, 45.43°N, 75.68°W, 1♂, 30.viii.1993, J.R. Vockeroth (CNC), 1♂, 8.viii.1993, J.R. Vockeroth (CNC); Quebec: Johnville Bog and Forest Park, 45.345°N, 71.7417°W, 2♂, 15–22.vii.2005, J. Savage, J. Kuchta, Malaise trap (LEMQ), Reserve ecologique des Tourbieres de Lanoraie, 45.9967°N, 73.3°W, 3♂, 10–17.vii.2006, A. Moores, Malaise trap (LEMQ), St-Charles Bog, 46.7478°N, 70.995°W, 2♂, 14.vi.2006, A.G. Taillefer, sweep (LEMQ), 2♂, 22.vi.2006, A.G. Taillefer, sweep (LEMQ), Ste-Barbe, Large Teafield, 45.125°N, 74.225°W, 2♂, 17–24.vii.2006, A. Moores, Malaise trap (LEMQ). UNITED STATES: Florida: Alachua Co., Chantilly Acres, 29.71°N, 82.42°W, 1♂, 25.iv.1970, W.W. Wirth, Malaise trap (USNM), Gaines- ville, 29.65°N, 82.32°W, 1♂, 21–30.vi.2006, W. Mason, Malaise trap (DEBU), Highlands Co., Archbold Biol. Sta, 27.18°N, 81.35°W, 1♂, 13–20.vii.2012, S.M. Paiero, Malaise trap (DEBU), Ocean Pond, Olustee, 30.21°N, 82.45°W, 1♂, 29.vi.1953, M.R. Wheeler (AMNH), Orange Co., Rock Springs, 28.76°N, 81.5°W, 1♂, 21.iv.1970, W.W. Wirth (USNM), Sebring, Highlands Hamm State Park, 27.47°N, 81.53°W, 2♂, 15.iv.1970, W.W. Wirth, Mal- aise trap (USNM); Illinois: Macomb, 40.46°N, 90.68°W, 1♂, 29.v.1962, W.W. Wirth (USNM); Indiana: La Fayette, 40.42°N, 86.87°W, 1♂, 4.ix.1916, J.M. Aldrich (USNM); Maryland: Montgomery Co., Bethesda, 38.99°N, 77.1°W, 1♂, 20.vii.1968, G. Steyskal (USNM); Michigan: Hunt Cr. Exp. Sta. nr. Lewiston, 44.88°N, 84.31°W, 1♂, 20.vii.1942, C.W. Sabrosky (USNM); North Carolina: Bladen Co., Singletary Lake State Park, 34.5833°N, 78.4583°W, 1♂, 19–21.vi.2006, Marshall, Paiero, pan trap (DEBU), Highlands, 35.05°N, 83.2°W, 1158m, 1♂, 29.vi.1957, J.R. Vockeroth (CNC); Tennessee: Cades Cave, GSMNP, 35.59°N, 83.84°W, 1♂, 1.vii–31.viii.1953, J.M. Carpenter (AMNH); Texas: Woodville, 30.76°N, 94.43°W, 1♂, 1–30.ix.1954, M.R. Wheeler (AMNH); Vermont: East Franklin, Lake Carmi State Park, 44.9533°N, 72.8817°W, 1♂, 11–18.vii.2006, A. Moores, Malaise trap (LEMQ); Virginia: Cape Henry, 36.93°N, 76.02°W, 2♂, 28.vi.1939, A.L. Melander (USNM). Other material examined. CANADA: British Columbia: Lakelse L. bog nr. Terrace, 54.37°N, 128.53°W, 1♂, 14.vi.1960, C.H. Mann (CNC), Skagit Val., 8 mi. W Hope, 49.38°N, 121.44°W, 1♂, 8–15.vii.2001, intercept trap (DEBU); Ontario: Mer Bleu, 5 mi. E. Ottawa, 45.39°N, 75.51°W, 1♂, 6.viii.1966, D.D. Munroe, Malaise trap (CNC), 2♂, 19.vii.1966, D.D. Munroe, Malaise trap (CNC), 1♂, 25.vii.1966, D.D. Munroe, Malaise trap (CNC), 17♂, 17.vii.1966, D.D. Munroe, Malaise trap (CNC), 1♂, 15.vii.1966, D.D. Munroe, Malaise trap (CNC), 8♂, 29.vii.1966, D.D. Munroe, Malaise trap (CNC), 3♂, 25.vi.1964, D.D. Munroe, Malaise trap (CNC), 3♂, 25.vi.1964 (CNC), 2♂, 18.viii.1966, D.D. Munroe, Malaise trap (CNC), Mer Bleu, Ottawa, 45.39°N, 75.51°W, 1♂, 26.v.1904, W. Metcalfe (CNC), Mer Bleue, Ottawa, 45.39°N, 75.51°W, 7♂, 25.vii.1963, J.G. Chillcott (CNC), Ottawa, 45.43°N, 75.68°W, 1♂, 31.vii.1989, J.R. Vockeroth (CNC); Quebec: Gatineau Co., Masham Twp., 45.64°N, 76.01°W, 1♂, 6–8.vii.1974, D.M. Wood (CNC), Johnville Bog and Forest Park, 45.345°N, 71.7417°W, 11♂, 1♀, 15–22.vii.2005, J. Savage, J. Kuchta, Malaise trap (LEMQ), 1♂, 28.vii–1.viii.2005, J. Savage, J. Kuchta, Malaise trap (LEMQ), 1♀, 6.vi–1.vii.1992, J. Savage, J. Kuchta, Malaise trap (LEMQ), 1♂, 9–13.vi.2006, J. Savage, J. Kuchta, Malaise trap (LEMQ), 1♂, 26.viii–2.ix.2013, J. Savage, J. Kuchta, Malaise trap (LEMQ), 1♂, 29.vi–3.vii.1986, J. Savage, J. Kuchta, Malaise trap (LEMQ), 6♂, 1♀, 22–26.vii.2005, J. Savage, J. Kuchta, Malaise trap (LEMQ), 1♂, 22– 30.vii.2013, J. Savage, J. Kuchta, Malaise trap (LEMQ), 1♂, 13.v–21.vii.1983, J. Savage, J. Kuchta, Malaise trap (LEMQ), Ogden, Marlington Bog, 45.04°N, 72.1733°W, 1♂, 27.vi–4.vii.2006, A. Moores, pan trap (LEMQ), Old Chelsea, Summit King Mt., 45.49°N, 75.86°W, 351m, 1♂, 25.vi.1962, J.R. Vockeroth (CNC), Reserve ecologique des Tourbieres de Lanoraie, 45.9967°N, 73.3°W, 1♀, 26–28.vii.2005, A. Moores, Malaise trap (LEMQ), 1♂, 10– 17.vii.2006, A. Moores, pan trap (LEMQ), 41♂, 10–17.vii.2006, A. Moores, Malaise trap (LEMQ), St-Charles Bog, 46.7478°N, 70.995°W, 35♂, 2♀, 22.vi.2006, A.G. Taillefer, sweep (LEMQ), 4♂, 14.vi.2006, A.G. Taillefer, sweep (LEMQ), Ste-Barbe, Large Teafield, 45.125°N, 74.225°W, 30♂, 17–24.vii.2006, A. Moores, Malaise trap (LEMQ), 2♂, 18–25.vi.2014, A. Moores, Malaise trap (LEMQ), 1♂, 3–7.viii.1936, A. Moores, Malaise trap (LEMQ), 6♂, 2♀, 3–10.vii.2006, A. Moores, Malaise trap (LEMQ). UNITED STATES: Arizona: 10 mi. NW Flagstaff, San Francisco Mts, 35.34°N, 111.68°W, 2896m, 1♂, 18–21.vii.1983, S. Peck, J. Peck, Malaise trap (DEBU); Arkansas: Lo- gan Co., Ozark National Forest, Magazine Mountain, 35.17°N, 93.64°W, 1♂, 23.vi–31.viii.1995, J.E. Swann, flight interception trap (ROM); District of Columbia: Washington, Rock Creek Park, 38.94°N, 77.05°W, 1♂, 4.viii.1956, P.H. Arnaud, Jr. (USNM); Florida: Archbold Biol. Sta., 27.18°N, 81.35°W, 1♂, 28.iv.1967, B.V. Peterson (CNC), 1♂, 29.iv.1967, B.V. Peterson (CNC), Sebring, Highlands Hamm State Park, 27.47°N, 81.53°W, 4♂, 15.iv.1970, W.W. Wirth, Malaise trap (USNM); Georgia: Forsyth, 33.03°N, 83.94°W, 2♂, 2.vi.1970 (CNC), Warwoman Creek, 34.89°N, 83.29°W, 1♂, 4.viii.1957, W.R.Richards (CNC), Waycross, 31.2°N, 82.4°W, 1♂, 30.vi.1953, M.R.Wheeler (AMNH); Illinois: Carlinville, 39.27°N, 89.86°W, 1♂, 1–31.vii.1956, M.R. Wheeler (AMNH), Macomb, 40.46°N, 90.68°W, 1♂, 29.v.1962, W.W. Wirth (USNM); Indiana: La Fayette, 40.42°N, 86.87°W, 1♂, 8.vii.1916, J.M. Al- drich (USNM), 1♂, 24.viii.1916, J.M. Aldrich (USNM); Maryland: Colesville, 39.08°N, 77°W, 1♂, 14.vi.1975, W.W. Wirth, Malaise trap (USNM), Montgomery Co., Bethesda, 38.99°N, 77.1°W, 1♂, 20.vii.1968, G. Steyskal (USNM), 1♂, 24.viii.1970, G. Steyskal (USNM), Montgomery Co., Colesville, 39.08°N, 77°W, 1♂, 13.viii.1977, W.W. Wirth, Malaise trap (USNM), Prince Georges Co., Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, 39.03°N, 76.8°W, 1♂, 8.vii.1978, W.W. Wirth (USNM); Michigan: Gd. Traverse Co., 44.76°N, 85.62°W, 1♂, 19.vii.1953, G. Steyskal (USNM); New Hampshire: Strafford Co., Spruce Hole, 3 mi. SW Durham, 43.14°N, 70.92°W, 1♂, 3–7.vi.1974, D.S. Chandler, flight interception trap (DEBU); New York: Lake Placid, 44.28°N, 73.98°W, 1♂, 19.vii.1962, J.G. Chillcott (CNC), 1♂, 28.vii.1929,A.L. Melander (USNM); North Carolina: Bladen Co., Singletary Lake State Park, 34.5833°N, 78.4583°W, 1♂, 19.vii–5.viii.1986, Marshall, Paiero, pan trap (DEBU), Macon Co., Highlands Lake Ravenel, 35.06°N, 83.19°W, 1♂, 14.vi.1986, W.W. Wirth, Malaise trap (USNM), Macon Co., Highlands Wightman Cottage, 35.05°N, 83.19°W, 2♂, 10.vii.1987, W.W. Wirth, UV light trap (USNM); Texas: San Jacinto Co., 6km S Coldspring, Double Lake Camp, 30.55°N, 95.13°W, 2♂, 22.v–8.vii.1983, S. Peck, J. Peck, flight interception trap (DEBU), San Jacinto Co., Coldspring, Double Lake Camp, 30.55°N, 95.13°W, 2♂, 22–26.vi.1974, S. Peck, J. Peck, flight interception trap (DEBU), Woodville, 30.76°N, 94.43°W, 1♂, 1–30.ix.1954, M.R. Wheeler (AMNH); Vermont: East Franklin, Lake Carmi State Park, 44.9533°N, 72.8817°W, 6♂, 2♀, 11–18.vii.2006, A. Moores, Malaise trap (LEMQ); Virginia: Cape Henry, 36.93°N, 76.02°W, 6♂, 28.vi.1939, A.L. Melander (USNM), Chain Bridge, 38.93°N, 77.11°W, 1♂, 20.viii.1922, J.R. Malloch (USNM), Falls Church, Holmes Run, 38.85°N, 77.19°W, 1♂, 2.vi.1962, W.W. Wirth, light trap (USNM), 1♂, 6.viii.1961, W.W. Wirth, light trap (USNM), 1♂, 23.viii.1961, W.W. Wirth, light trap (USNM), 1♂, 17.ix.1961, W.W. Wirth, light trap (USNM), Suitland bog, 38.84°N, 76.9°W, 4♂, 14.vi.1951, W.W. Wirth (USNM); West Virginia: Franklin, 38.64°N, 79.33°W, 1♂, 26.vi.1951, W.W. Wirth (USNM). Etymology. The species name lustrum, a Latin noun, refers to bogs from which most of the species have been collected. Remarks. The male genitalia are similar to those of Paramyia silvestris. Paramyia lustrum has a lot more marking within the overall surface of circular structure (Fig. 10D). The surstylus is often twisting and not flat in appearance; take care to adjust the position to see the anterior edge properly. Genitalia often tucked within the abdomen, making it harder to see all characters. Females of Paramyia anguliloba, P.lustrum, P. nitens, P. rectiloba, P. silvestris, P. wheeleri can only be reliably identified through sequencing.Published as part of Levesque-Beaudin, Valerie & Mlynarek, Julia J., 2020, Revision of Nearctic Paramyia Williston (Diptera: Milichiidae), pp. 1-56 in Zootaxa 4732 (1) on pages 20-24, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4732.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/366202

Paramyia incrassatoloba Levesque-Beaudin & Mlynarek 2020, new species

Paramyia incrassatoloba, new species (Fig. 21-22; 26) Description. (Fig. 21) Total length ♂ 1.8 mm. Female unknown. Overall colour dark brown, frontal triangle dark brown to black, shiny, reaching lunule; frons 1.33 times longer than wide and 1.5 times wider than flagellum; width at widest point 1.81 times the bottom eye width; gena dark brown with prunescence, 0.12 times eye height; postgena dark brown, with light prunescence and 0.15 width of head; scape and pedicel dark brown, first flagellomere trapezoidal, 1.2 times wider than long, dark brown with pale pubescence, arista dark brown and 1.67 times width of first flagellomere; moderate facial carina, easily visible laterally; palpus dark brown with 4 enlarge setae apically and 1 ventral seta close to mid-point, labium dark brown 0.43 mm and labella dark brown 0.45 mm long. Scutum shiny dark brown; scutellum dark brown, microsetose; fore femur dark brown with apical antero-dorsal part with a slightly paler circle shape; fore tibia dark brown and slightly paler on the anterior apical section; femur and tibia on mid and hind leg dark brown; all tarsi light brown to yellowish; hind basitarsus shorter than length of tarsi 2-4 combined; haltere uniformly dark brown; wing 1.52 mm long; abdomen shiny dark brown. Male postabdomen (Fig. 22). Epandrium in lateral view 1.02 times wider than high, in posterior view 2.6 times wider than high (before cerci), small setae densely covering posterior portion of epandrium mixed with a low density of large setae; surstylus 1.4 times as high as epandrium, paddle shape increasing in width from base to apex, with a large wavy circular structure situated basally with many wavy short markings within, setae medium length, covering anterior side and distal half of surstylus; cerci large and pointed apically, 0.86 times length of surstylus in posterior view, with two pair of medium length setae along the edge, apically swollen in lateral view. Molecular barcode sequence can be accessed through GenBank Accession: [pending] and BOLD BIN: origi- nally BOLD:ADO8669, now merged with BOLD:AAG0168 (P. nitens). Distribution (Fig. 26). Southern United-States: Mississippi Type material. Holotype ♂. UNITED STATES: Mississippi: Winston Co., Noxubee National Wildlife E., Tripletts, 19.v.2013, J.M. Cumming (CNC). Etymology. The species name comes from incrasso (from Latin) meaning fatten, thicken and lobos (from Greek) meaning lobe, which refers to the surstylus shape increasing in width from base to apex.Published as part of Levesque-Beaudin, Valerie & Mlynarek, Julia J., 2020, Revision of Nearctic Paramyia Williston (Diptera: Milichiidae), pp. 1-56 in Zootaxa 4732 (1) on pages 37-40, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4732.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/366202

Phyllomyza nitens Loew 1869

Phyllomyza nitens Loew, 1869: 45. Type locality: Pennsylvania. Description. (Fig. 3) Total length ♂ 1.3-1.6 mm, ♀ 1.8-1.9 mm. Overall colour brown to dark brown, frontal trian- gle dark brown to black, shiny, reaching lunule; frons 1.25 times longer than wide and 1.44 times wider than flagellum; width at widest point 2.3-2.4 times the bottom eye width; gena brown with prunescence, 0.16-0.18 times eye height; postgena dark brown, with light prunescence and 0.30-0.33 width of head; scape and pedicel dark brown, first flagellomere trapezoidal, 1.2 times wider than long, dark brown with pale pubescence, arista dark brown and arista length 1.45-1.8 times width of first flagellomere; medium facial carina, visible laterally; palpus dark brown with 4-5 enlarged setae apically and 1 ventral seta pre-apically, labium brown 0.40-0.43 mm and labella brown 0.45-0.48 mm long. Scutum shiny dark brown; scutellum dark brown, microsetose; fore femur all brown; fore tibia all brown often slightly paler on anterior side; femur and tibia of mid and hind leg brown; all junctions of femur and tibia (“knee”) brown; all tarsi yellowish; hind basitarsus shorter than length of tarsi 2-4 combined; haltere brown basally and dark brown apically; wing 1.22-1.32 mm long; abdomen shiny dark. Male postabdomen (Fig. 4). Epandrium in lateral view 1.1 times wider than high, in posterior view 2.5 times wider than high (before cerci), small setae densely covering posterior portion of epandrium mixed with a low density of large setae; surstylus 1.3 times as high as epandrium, paddle shape with a large half-circular structure situated basally, on inner surface, with only a few short markings in the basal portion, setae medium length, covering anterior side and distal half of surstylus; cerci large and pointed apically, 0.70 times length of surstylus in posterior view, with a pair of very long preapical setae and other shorter setae, less than 1/3 its length, apically swollen in lateral view. Molecular barcode sequence can be accessed through GenBank Accession: KR643351 and BOLD BIN: BOLD: AAG0168 (average p-distance within BIN: 0.5%). Distribution (Fig. 25). Widespread throughout North America. Material examined. UNITED STATES: Pennsylvania: 1869, ♂. (Holotype, MCZ) [MCZ-ENT00013447]. CANADA: Alberta: Wood Buffalo National Park, Benchmark weather station, 59.5607°N, 112.261°W, 219m, 2♀, 13-27.vii.2012, N. Labine (BIOUG), 2♀, 13-20.vii.2013, N. Labine (BIOUG); British Columbia: 10 km W Kamloops, New Afton Mine, 50.6719°N, 120.533°W, 1♀, 24.vii-1.viii.2013, C. Simon, Malaise trap (BIOUG), 10 mi. E. Creston, 49.1°N, 116.51°W, 1♂, 31.vii.1980, G. Gibson, sweeping (DEBU); Manitoba: 2 km W Gardenton, Tall Grass Prairie Field Station, 49.0769°N, 96.7139°W, 1♂, 24.vi-1.vii.2008, H.D. White, Malaise trap (LEMQ); New Brunswick: Fundy, Maple Grove, 45.5822°N, 64.9859°W, 143m, 1♀, 08.viii.2009, BIObus 2009 (BIOUG), Kouchibouguac National Park, 46.8°N, 64.97°W, 1♂, 30.vii-2.viii.2013, O. Lonsdale (CNC); Newfoundland and Labrador: Terra Nova National Park, 48.598°N, 53.9702°W, 127m, 1♀, 25.vi-2.vii.2013, E. Perry, Malaise trap (BIOUG), 1♀, 9-16.vii.2013, E. Perry, Malaise trap (BIOUG); Nova Scotia: Cape Breton Highlands, Warren Lake, 46.7131°N, 60.3835°W, 59m, 1♀, 24.vii.2009, BIObus 2009, freehand (BIOUG), Halifax, Point Pleasant Park, 44.623°N, 63.5686°W, 30m, 1♀, 15-22.vi.2013, T. Zemlak, Malaise trap (BIOUG), 6♂, 4♀, 13-20.vii.2013, T. Zemlak, Malaise trap (BIOUG), 1♂, 5♀, 6-13.vii.2013, T. Zemlak, Malaise trap (BIOUG), 1♂, 29.vii-6.viii.1987, T. Zemlak, Malaise trap (BIOUG), 1♂, 22-26.vii.2005, T. Zemlak, Malaise trap (BIOUG), 2♀, 27.vii-3.viii.2013, T. Zemlak, Malaise trap (BIOUG), 1♂, 2♀, 29.vi-6.vii.2013, T. Zemlak, Malaise trap (BIOUG), 1♂, 22-29.vi.2013, T. Zemlak, Malaise trap (BIOUG), 2♂, 1♀, 20-27.vii.2013, T. Zemlak, Malaise trap (BIOUG), Kejimkujik, Graf- ton Lake, 44.383°N, 65.2023°W, 103m, 1♂, 01.viii.2009, BIObus 2009 (BIOUG), 1♀, 03.viii.2009, BIObus 2009 (BIOUG); Ontario: 4452 Rowsome Rd., Elizabethtown, 44.6213°N, 76.273°W, 120m, 1♀, 19.vi.2010, J. Sones (BIOUG), Algoma Distr., Witchdoctor Lake, 47.09°N, 83.76°W, 1♂, 29.viii.1992, Cannings, Swann, Malaise trap (DEBU), Bruce Co., Bruce Peninsula National Park, Lake Scugog, 45.1167°N, 81.5333°W, 1♂, 1-17.viii.2002, S.A. Marshall, Malaise trap (DEBU), Bruce Co., Cameron Lake, Fen, 45.219°N, 81.5465°W, 2♂, 28.vi-16.vii.1998, S.A. Marshall, Malaise trap (DEBU), Bruce Co., Dorcas Bay, 45.19°N, 81.58°W, 2♂, 21.vii-1.viii.2003, S.A. Marshall, Malaise trap (DEBU), 1♂, 1-22.viii.2003, S.A. Marshall, Malaise trap (DEBU), Bruce Co., Dorcas Bay Dunes, 45.19°N, 81.58°W, 3♂, 2-25.viii.1999, S.A. Marshall, Malaise trap (DEBU), 1♂, 20.vii-2.viii.1993, S.A. Mar- shall, Malaise trap (DEBU), 1♂, 20-27.vi.2006, S.A. Marshall, Malaise trap (DEBU), 2♂, 11-20.vii.1999, S.A. Marshall, Malaise trap (DEBU), Bruce Co., Dorcas Bay, dune, 45.19°N, 81.58°W, 1♂, 16-21.vii.2012, S.A. Mar- shall, Malaise trap (DEBU), Bruce Co., Dorcas Bay, pond nr dune, 45.19°N, 81.58°W, 1♂, 11-20.vii.1999, S.A. Marshall, Malaise trap (DEBU), 1♂, 11-18.vii.2006, S.A. Marshall, Malaise trap (DEBU), Bruce Co., Fanthom Five National Park, Middle Island, 45.26°N, 81.66°W, 1♂, 23-30.vi.2008, S.A. Marshall, pan trap (DEBU), Dorcas Bay, 45.19°N, 81.58°W, 2♂, 21-28.vii.2008, S.A. Marshall, Malaise trap (DEBU), Fathom 5 National Park, Bears Rumpls., 45.26°N, 81.66°W, 1♂, 23-30.vi.2008, T. Woodcock, S.A. Marshall, pan trap (DEBU), Gaudry Township, Witchdoctor Lake, 47.08°N, 83.76°W, 1♂, 29.viii.1992, R.A. Cannings, J.E. Swann, Malaise trap (ROM), Halibur- ton District, Dorset, 1.6 km S. Leslie M. Frost Nat. Res. Centre, 45.16°N, 78.85°W, 1♂, 25.vi-2.vii.2013, B. Hub- ley, Malaise trap (ROM), Hilton Township, Tendy Bay, 46.09°N, 83.92°W, 1♂, 9.viii.1992, J.E. Swann, Malaise trap (ROM), L. Cognashene Muskoka Dist., 44.96°N, 79.92°W, 1♂, 28.vii.1981, J.T. Huber (CNC), Lambton Co., Pinery Provincial Park, power line, right-of-way, 44.55°N, 76.3667°W, 3♂, 7-16.vii.2001, L. Packer, Malaise trap (ROM), 1♂, 24.vi-9.vii.1996, L. Packer, Malaise trap (ROM), 1♂, 28.vi-8.vii.1986, L. Packer, Malaise trap (ROM), 1♂, 28.vi-12.vii.1986, L. Packer, Malaise trap (ROM), Lambton Co., Pinery Provincial Park, Sand dunes, 44.55°N, 76.3667°W, 1♂, 28.vi-16.vii.1998, L. Packer, Malaise trap (ROM), 1♂, 19-26.vii.2006, L. Packer, Malaise trap (ROM), Makonie Lake, 48.35°N, 83.24°W, 1♂, 11.vii.2016, S.A. Marshall, hand collecting (DEBU), Manitoulin Distr., Manitoulin Is., Carter Bay, 45.6064°N, 82.1408°W, 1♂, 1-8.viii.2003, Buck, Marshall, Malaise trap (DEBU), Manitoulin Island, Kip Fleming Tract, 8km SW Gore Bay, 45.8703°N, 82.5419°W, 1♂, 27.vii-3.viii.2013, Mar- shall et al., Malaise trap (DEBU), Mer Bleu, 5 mi. E. Ottawa, 45.39°N, 75.51°W, 1♂, 17.vii.1966, D.D. Munroe, Malaise trap (CNC), Northumberland Co., Cobourg, 3 km N Baltimore, 43.96°N, 78.17°W, 1♂, 17.vii.1986, P. Danielsson (USNM), Parry Sound, Waubamik, 45.46°N, 80°W, 1♂, 7.viii.1915, J.M. Aldrich (USNM), Pukaskwa National Park, 48.601°N, 86.2893°W, 631m, 1♀, 6-12.viii.2013, C. Harpur, Malaise trap (BIOUG), 1♂, 27.vi- 4.vii.2006, C. Harpur, Malaise trap (BIOUG), Stonecliffe, Driftwood Provincial Park, 46.19°N, 77.85°W, 12♂, 2-25.viii.1999, S. Peck, Malaise trap (DEBU), Thousand Islands National Park, 44.4534°N, 75.865°W, 1♂, 18- 24.vi.2015, M. Brown, Malaise trap (BIOUG), 1♂, 2♀, 2-9.vii.2014, M. Brown, Malaise trap (BIOUG), 5♂, 5♀, 16-23.vii.2014, M. Brown, Malaise trap (BIOUG), Thunder Bay Distr., Prairie River at Hwy 17, 38km E Terrace Bay, 48.8011°N, 86.7844°W, 1♀, 15-19.vii.2002, M. Buck, white pans (DEBU), 2♂, 15-19.vii.2002, M. Buck, Mal- aise trap (DEBU), 1♂, 15-22.vii.2005, M. Buck, Malaise trap (DEBU); Quebec: Beechgrove, 45.65°N, 76.1333°W, 1♂, 29.vi.1962, J.R. Vockeroth (CNC), Bois-des-Bel Bog, 47.9683°N, 69.4274°W, 1♂, 21.vi.2006, A.G. Taillefer, sweep (LEMQ), Gatineau Co., Masham Twp., 45.64°N, 76.01°W, 1♂, 10-13.vi.1974, D.M. Wood (CNC), 1♂, 6- 8.vii.1974, D.M. Wood (CNC), James Bay Rte km 204.5, 50.9831°N, 77.6339°W, 1♂, 7-16.vii.2001, M. Buck, B. Buck, Malaise trap (DEBU), James Bay Rte km 398.8, 52.3569°N, 77.1069°W, 1♂, 8-16.vii.2001, M. Buck, B. Buck, white pans (DEBU), 1♂, 8-18.viii.1971, M. Buck, B. Buck, white pans (DEBU), James Bay Rte km 570.3, 53.4942°N, 77.6208°W, 1♂, 9-18.xii.1985, M. Buck, B. Buck, Malaise trap (DEBU), James Bay Rte., km 204.5, 50.9831°N, 77.6339°W, 4♂, 7-16.vii.2001, M. Buck, B. Buck, Malaise trap (DEBU), Johnville Bog and Forest Park, 45.345°N, 71.7417°W, 1♀, 10-12.vii.2005, J. Savage, J. Kuchta, Malaise trap (LEMQ), Laniel, 47.05°N, 79.28°W, 1♂, 1.vii.1944, A.R. Brooks (CNC), Mt. St. Marie Low, 45.94°N, 75.87°W, 549m, 1♂, 22.vi.1965, J.R. Vock- eroth (CNC), Ogden, Marlington Bog, 45.04°N, 72.1733°W, 1♀, 4-11.vii.2006, A. Moores, Malaise trap (LEMQ), Old Chelsea, Summit King Mt., 45.49°N, 75.86°W, 351m, 1♂, 25.vi.1962, J.R. Vockeroth (CNC), Rougemont, 45.4962°N, 73.0685°W, 1♀, 21-28.vii.2008, V. Levesque, trunk trap (LEMQ), St-Daniel, Parc National de Fronte- nac, 45.9683°N, 71.1517°W, 13♂, 12-19.vii.2006, A. Moores, pan trap (LEMQ), 1♂, 19-26.vii.2013, A. Moores, pan trap (LEMQ), 1♂, 19-26.vii.2006, A. Moores, pan trap (LEMQ), 1♂, 12-15.viii.2005, A. Moores, pan trap (LEMQ), 1♂, 19-21.vii.2016, A. Moores, pan trap (LEMQ). UNITED STATES: Arkansas: Montgomery Co., 20 mi W Glenwood, 34.33°N, 93.55°W, 3♂, 15.v-28.viii.1994, H.W. Robinson, sweep (LEMQ), 2♂, 15-21.vi.2006, H.W. Robinson, sweep (LEMQ); Maine: Lincoln Co., East Boothbay, 43.85°N, 69.5833°W, 1♀, 9.viii.2000, J. Sav- age, sweep (LEMQ); Maryland: Glen Echo, 38.97°N, 77.14°W, 1♂, 22.viii.1922, J.R. Malloch (USNM); Mississippi: Scott Co., Forest, 32.36°N, 89.48°W, 1♂, 5-12.viii.1971, S.A. Marshall, pan trap (DEBU); New Hampshire: Strafford Co., Spruce Hole, 3 mi. SW Durham, 43.14°N, 70.92°W, 2♂, 3-9.vii.1987, D.S. Chandler, flight intercep- tion trap (DEBU); Tennessee: Rutledge, 36.28°N, 83.5°W, 1♂, 1-31.vii.1954, M.R. Wheeler (AMNH); Vermont: East Franklin, Lake Carmi State Park, 44.9533°N, 72.8817°W, 1♀, 4-11.vii.2006, A. Moores, pan trap (LEMQ) . Remarks. The holotype of P. nitens was examined and dissected for the first time. The holotype was not verified by Papp (2001). Based on Papp’s identification labels at the ROM and his re-description of P. nitens (e.g. en- larged male flagellum and genitalia drawings), it appears to correspond better to the new species (P. pseudonitens) described below, which is the most abundant and widely distributed species in North America. The status of P. nigra Williston is mentioned as a likely junior synonym of P. nitens by Sabrosky (1965), which was echoed by Papp (2001). As we could not locate the holotype of P. nigra, we do not feel we can realistically assess the status of P. nigra and we leave it as a valid species but this species will not be re-evaluated here. Females of P. anguliloba, P.lustrum, P. nitens, P. rectiloba, P. silvestris, P. wheeleri can only be reliably identified through sequencing.Published as part of Levesque-Beaudin, Valerie & Mlynarek, Julia J., 2020, Revision of Nearctic Paramyia Williston (Diptera: Milichiidae), pp. 1-56 in Zootaxa 4732 (1) on pages 5-9, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4732.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/366202

Paramyia hungarica Papp 1993

Paramyia hungarica Papp, 1993 Paramyia hungarica Papp, 1993 has only been previously recorded from Hungary (Papp, 1993, 2001). Based on its original description, it was difficult to find any clear distinctions between P. hungarica and the North American species. We were not able to obtain a specimen of this species to verify its morphology. We did however acquire one leg from the Hungarian Natural History Museum, which was sequenced. The sequence obtained through Next- Generation sequencing was very short (137 bp), as only the fragment 6 amplified (see Prosser et al. 2016). Luckily, that fragment contained some unique substitutions that made it clearly unique and different from the North American species (Fig. 31). Its distinct molecular barcode from the North American species leads us to conclude that it is unlikely to be present in North America. As mentioned in our P. nitens redescription, we believe that Papp (2001) may have mistakenly used specimens of P. pseudonitens in his re-description of P. nitens. This makes using the key provided in Papp (2001) difficult as it is not actually corresponding to P. nitens but P. pseudonitens. Currently, the surest way to differentiate P. hungarica from P. nitens is through their geographic distribution and molecular sequence; P. hungarica is restricted to the Palearctic and even a short fragment of its molecular barcode is divergent from P. nitens.Published as part of Levesque-Beaudin, Valerie & Mlynarek, Julia J., 2020, Revision of Nearctic Paramyia Williston (Diptera: Milichiidae), pp. 1-56 in Zootaxa 4732 (1) on page 43, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4732.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/366202

Paramyia Williston 1897

Paramyia Williston Paramyia Williston, 1897: 1. Type species: Paramyia nigra Williston Diagnosis. Black or yellow flies with one pair of setulae on lunule; palpus usually short and clavate, but sometimes elongate; proboscis long to very long; crossvein dm-cu absent; comb-like row of setae posteroventrally on hind basitarsus; and basisternum very small and shaped like a narrow triangle. Chaetotaxy. The chaetotaxy described is that of the Nearctic fauna; the chaetotaxy of the Paramyia from other regions has not been studied. Head: 2 pairs of frontal setae medioclinate; 3 pairs of orbital setae with the 2 lower pairs long and lateroclinate and upper pair shorter and medio-reclinate (less than half the length of lower orbital seta); 1 paired row of interfrontal setulae (stronger than upper pair of orbital seta), 1 pair of supra-antennal setae (anteriormost interfrontal setulae), 1 pair of setulae between supra-antennal seta and eye margin; ocellar setae as long as orbital setae and almost lateroclinate; postocellar setae cruciate; 1 pair of long lateral vertical setae and medial vertical setae. Thorax: 1 postpronotal seta, 2 notopleural setae, 1 presutural seta (close to notopleuron); 1 supraalar seta; 2 postalar setae; 2 dorsocentral setae (anterior more than half the length of posterior); 1 intrapostalar seta;1 prescutellar seta (acrostichal); 2 scutellar setae (anterior more than half length of apical; apical pair divergent); 1 minute proepisternal seta and 1 minute proepimeral seta, anepisternum and anepimeron bare, 1 very strong katepisternal seta (upper posterior corner, some thinner seta along posterior side). Female postabdomen based on P. nitens (Fig. 2). For each species, the abdomen usually closely matches the color of the thorax. The sternites size are fairly standard across species, with sternite 1, 2 and 8 being quite short and sternite 5 being the longest. The amount of setae and their distribution is variable within species, making it unreliable as a character. However, there is a common basal configuration. Sternite 7 usually as a minimum of 6 setae arranged in two rows. First row, with 2 setae, with one at each lateral side of the sternite. Second row, with 4 setae, right at the apical end of the sternite, distributed in group of 2 with a bigger gap in the middle. There are often a few extra setae distributed in the bottom of the sternite, sometimes creating a 3rd row located just above the 1st one, but still with a variable configuration within species. Tergite 7 usually has a minimum of 8 setae arranged in two rows. First row, with a minimum of 2 setae, with one at each lateral side of the tergite, but often with a few randomly placed in between, often closer to center. Second row, with a minimum of 6 setae, right at the apical end of the tergite, separated in two groupings of 3 with a bigger gap in the middle. There are often extra setae located in the 2nd row, while some create a 3rd row just above the 1st one. Still a lot of variation within species. The cerci usually have a pair of long setae apically, which are almost twice as long as the other surrounding setae. Remarks. Females are highly variable within species making it difficult to identify most species based on morphology; using sequencing is recommended to confirm female identity. The color pattern on the legs were consistent for the males (see key and species description), which is not the cases for females. Additionally, there was no obvious variation in the female post-abdomen.Published as part of Levesque-Beaudin, Valerie & Mlynarek, Julia J., 2020, Revision of Nearctic Paramyia Williston (Diptera: Milichiidae), pp. 1-56 in Zootaxa 4732 (1) on pages 3-4, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4732.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/366202

Paramyia nitens

Paramyia nitens (Loew, 1869) (Figs. 2–4, 25)Published as part of Levesque-Beaudin, Valerie & Mlynarek, Julia J., 2020, Revision of Nearctic Paramyia Williston (Diptera: Milichiidae), pp. 1-56 in Zootaxa 4732 (1) on page 5, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4732.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/366202