Gränser för polisiär innovation – rättssäkerhet, enhetlighet och demokratisk legitimitet

AbstractThe literature on policing asserts that there has been a remarkable emphasis on innovation in police work over the last decades. During the same time, police organizations in several countries have been centralized to promote increased unity and response to political steering and method development. In Sweden, the police reform was motivated by a perceived correlation between uniformity in working methods and organizational effectiveness. From a legal perspective, innovation in police methods involves inherent questions of rule of law – ensuring legality, compatibility with human rights, and predictability for citizens. This also carries implications for democratic legitimacy, since the police have far-reaching power to interfere with citizens’ spheres of interest. This article discusses issues of innovation within the Swedish police from a rule of law and democracy perspective. Innovation in police work is discussed on a system level through a study of the legal framework and institutional conditions introduced with the creation of the new police organization. Results are presented from an interview study with police managers on different levels within the new organization. The results suggest that innovation in police work develops largely organically at different levels and units within the police organization and then spread as “best practices” which the new Police Authority is seen as organizationally able to pick up and disseminate. Secondly, police openness to new evidence-based methods from outside the organization is increasing. Thirdly, there is a tension between the increased ability to create uniformity in methods and the need to adjust these methods to local conditions. Lastly, some uncertainties regarding legal accountability seem to exist as new methods are developed and implemented

Helicobacter pylori Adapts to Chronic Infection and Gastric Disease via pH-Responsive BabA-Mediated Adherence

International audienceThe BabA adhesin mediates high-affinity binding of Helicobacter pylori to the ABO blood group antigen-glycosylated gastric mucosa. Here we show that BabA is acid responsive-binding is reduced at low pH and restored by acid neutralization. Acid responsiveness differs among strains; often correlates with different intragastric regions and evolves during chronic infection and disease progression; and depends on pH sensor sequences in BabA and on pH reversible formation of high-affinity binding BabA multimers. We propose that BabA's extraordinary reversible acid responsiveness enables tight mucosal bacterial adherence while also allowing an effective escape from epithelial cells and mucus that are shed into the acidic bactericidal lumen and that bio-selection and changes in BabA binding properties through mutation and recombination with babA-related genes are selected by differences among individuals and by changes in gastric acidity over time. These processes generate diverse H. pylori subpopulations, in which BabA's adaptive evolution contributes to H. pylori persistence and overt gastric disease

Hemliga tvångsmedel i brottsutredande syfte - Vem kan säga nej?

Polisarbetet - mellan effektivitet och rättsstatlighe

Åklagaren som grindvakt : En rättsvetenskaplig studie av åklagarens befogenheter vid utredning och åtal av brott

In Sweden an oral hearing, the trial, is held as the ideal model for the criminal procedure and according to the legality principle reported crimes ought to be investigated and prosecuted. Over time high levels of reported crimes have led to an increase in pressure on the courts and other actors in the criminal process. This pressure has created new ways of dealing with reported crimes in summary procedures and to exceptions from the legality principle. Such changes have given the prosecutor a key role in deciding how cases are dealt with in the criminal process.  The purpose of this thesis is to examine the Swedish public prosecutor’s influence on the choice of cases that are investigated, prosecuted and tried in court during a trial. The study examines the prosecutors’ legal authority and how that authority has changed from the time that the Code of Judicial Procedure came into force in 1948 to the beginning of 2011. A starting point for the examination is that investigating, prosecuting and trying cases in the criminal process should be carried out in a way that is considered to be fair according to societal values, which are embedded in the legal system. Both decisions about which cases will be tried and the procedure involved in how to try them has to be performed in a way that seems to be fair. In the study the values that underlie the criminal process is examined through a model. This model assumes that the criminal process has been created and developed to satisfy different requirements, which can be separated into three main groups: the functions of the criminal process, legal principles and the main objectives of a good administration of justice. The model is used to analyze and discuss the development of the legal rules. The prosecutor’s authority and influence over the process has broadened and the use of summary procedures has served to place the focus on the police investigation instead of the trial. Among the objectives of a good administration of justice Speed and Cost effectiveness are considered to be more important than Security. As long as the Trust in the system is sufficient this development can continue. A conclusion from the study is that there is a need for some actor to prioritize and to do that openly. In the study the issue is raised whether it is time to question the legality principle as the main principle for the Swedish legal system. Förlagsutgiven med 3 månaders embargo.</p

The municipal nurse experiences of performing oral health assessment : An interview study

Bakgrund: En god munhälsa är en viktig del i vården av den äldre personen i livets slutskede. Forskning visar att munhälsan ofta blir förbisedd. En grund i att utföra munvård hos äldre personer som vårdas i livets slutskede är att utföra en munhälsobedömning. I Sverige visar mätningar i kvalitetsregister att det finns en diskrepans mellan målnivåer och utförda munhälsobedömningar. Som specialistsjuksköterska är en av kärnkompetenserna att vara väl insatt i palliativ vård och utföra strukturerade bedömningar enligt vetenskaplig praxis. Syfte: Kommunsjuksköterskans erfarenheter och upplevelser av att utföra och dokumentera munhälsobedömningar hos äldre personer i livets slutskede. Metod: Kvalitativ ansats valdes till studien. Semistrukturerade intervjuer hölls med åtta kommunsjuksköterskor som arbetar i hemsjukvård, på särskilt boende och korttidsboende. Data analyserades med induktiv latent konventionell innehållsanalys. Resultat: Efter analys av data framkom fyra huvudkategorier. Tillvägagångssätt: Munhälsobedömning är något som ingår i den palliativa vården och ska göras på alla. ROAG (Revised Oral Assessment Guide) är det validerade instrumentet som används vid en munhälsobedömning men den passar inte alltid bra vid livets slutskede. En munhälsobedömning kan leda till ett lidande för patienten samtidigt som den kan medföra minskat lidande då besvär kan hittas och lindras. Munhälsobedömningen dokumenteras inte alltid. Ansvar och samarbete: Sjuksköterskorna är medvetna om sitt ansvar att en munhälsobedömning utförs samtidigt som de beskriver att det också är ett samarbete mellan omvårdnadspersonal och sjuksköterskekollegor. Samarbetet med personal ansågs fungera bra och sjuksköterskorna förlitar sig på att de signalerar när personen i livets slutskede har besvär från munnen. Samarbetet med sjuksköterskekollegor brister vid vissa tillfällen. Munhälsobedömningens prioritet: I mötet med personer som vårdas i livets slutskede kan det bli stort fokus på de övriga symtomen och det kan vara mycket annat att tänka på vilket kan leda till utebliven munhälsobedömning. Tidsbrist är en annan faktor till att munhälsobedömningen inte utförs. Kunskap och rutiner: Resultatet visar att det är viktigt att ha en tydlig rutin för att utföra munhälsobedömning hos äldre personer som vårdas i livets slutskede. Det upplevdes att sjuksköterskorna inte alltid fått tillräcklig utbildning på utförande av munhälsobedömning och att det inte alltid fanns rutiner för hur munhälsobedömningen skulle gå till. Klinisk relevans: Det finns ett behov att synliggöra betydelsen och öka medvetenheten av att utföra munhälsobedömning genom mer utbildning till personal som arbetar med äldre personer som vårdas i livets slutskede inom kommunal hälso- och sjukvård. Det finns också ett behov av en samstämmighet kring hur munhälsobedömning bör utföras, ett förslag är att utveckla ett validerat instrument som fungerar specifikt till äldre som vårdas i livets slut.Background: Good oral health is an important part of the care of the elderly person at the end of life. Research shows that oral health is often overlooked. A basis for performing oral care in elderly people who are cared for at the end of life is to perform an oral health assessment. In Sweden, measurements in quality registers shows that there is a discrepancy between target levels and performed oral health assessments. As a specialist nurse, one of the core competencies is to be well versed in palliative care and perform structured assessments according to scientific practice. Aim: The municipal nurse's experiences of performing and documenting oral health assessments in elderly people at the end of life. Method: A qualitative approach was chosen for the study. Semi-structured interviews were held with eight municipal nurses working in home health care, in nursing home and respite care. Data were analysed using inductive latent conventional content analysis. Results: After analysing the data, four main categories emerged. Procedure: Oral health assessment is a part of palliative care and must be done on everyone. ROAG (Revised Oral Assessment Guide) is the validated instrument used in an oral health assessment, but it does not always fit well at the end of life. An oral health assessment can lead to suffering for the patient, it can at the same time lead to reduced suffering as problems can be found and alleviated. The oral health assessment is not always documented. Responsibility and collaboration: The nurses are aware of their responsibility that an oral health assessment is carried out while describing that it is also a collaboration between nursing staff and nursing colleagues. The collaboration with staff was considered to work well and the nurses rely on them to flag when the person in the final stage of life has problems from the mouth. Cooperation with nursing colleagues breaks down on certain occasions. The priority of the oral health assessment: In the meeting with people who are cared for at the end of life, there can be a lot of focus on other symptoms and there can be a lot of other things to think about, which can lead to the absence of an oral health assessment. Lack of time is another factor why the oral health assessment is not carried out. Knowledge and routines: The result shows that it is important to have a clear routine for performing oral health assessment in elderly people who are cared for at the end of life. The registered nurses felt that they did not always receive sufficient training on performing oral health assessment and that there were not always routines for how the oral health assessment should be carried out. Clinical relevance: There is a need to make the importance visible and increase the awareness of performing oral health assessment through more education for staff working with elderly people who are cared for at the end of life in municipal health care setting. There is also a need for a better described consensus on how oral health assessment should be carried out. One suggestion is to develop a validated instrument that works specifically for elderly people who are cared for at the end of life

The municipal nurse experiences of performing oral health assessment : An interview study

Bakgrund: En god munhälsa är en viktig del i vården av den äldre personen i livets slutskede. Forskning visar att munhälsan ofta blir förbisedd. En grund i att utföra munvård hos äldre personer som vårdas i livets slutskede är att utföra en munhälsobedömning. I Sverige visar mätningar i kvalitetsregister att det finns en diskrepans mellan målnivåer och utförda munhälsobedömningar. Som specialistsjuksköterska är en av kärnkompetenserna att vara väl insatt i palliativ vård och utföra strukturerade bedömningar enligt vetenskaplig praxis. Syfte: Kommunsjuksköterskans erfarenheter och upplevelser av att utföra och dokumentera munhälsobedömningar hos äldre personer i livets slutskede. Metod: Kvalitativ ansats valdes till studien. Semistrukturerade intervjuer hölls med åtta kommunsjuksköterskor som arbetar i hemsjukvård, på särskilt boende och korttidsboende. Data analyserades med induktiv latent konventionell innehållsanalys. Resultat: Efter analys av data framkom fyra huvudkategorier. Tillvägagångssätt: Munhälsobedömning är något som ingår i den palliativa vården och ska göras på alla. ROAG (Revised Oral Assessment Guide) är det validerade instrumentet som används vid en munhälsobedömning men den passar inte alltid bra vid livets slutskede. En munhälsobedömning kan leda till ett lidande för patienten samtidigt som den kan medföra minskat lidande då besvär kan hittas och lindras. Munhälsobedömningen dokumenteras inte alltid. Ansvar och samarbete: Sjuksköterskorna är medvetna om sitt ansvar att en munhälsobedömning utförs samtidigt som de beskriver att det också är ett samarbete mellan omvårdnadspersonal och sjuksköterskekollegor. Samarbetet med personal ansågs fungera bra och sjuksköterskorna förlitar sig på att de signalerar när personen i livets slutskede har besvär från munnen. Samarbetet med sjuksköterskekollegor brister vid vissa tillfällen. Munhälsobedömningens prioritet: I mötet med personer som vårdas i livets slutskede kan det bli stort fokus på de övriga symtomen och det kan vara mycket annat att tänka på vilket kan leda till utebliven munhälsobedömning. Tidsbrist är en annan faktor till att munhälsobedömningen inte utförs. Kunskap och rutiner: Resultatet visar att det är viktigt att ha en tydlig rutin för att utföra munhälsobedömning hos äldre personer som vårdas i livets slutskede. Det upplevdes att sjuksköterskorna inte alltid fått tillräcklig utbildning på utförande av munhälsobedömning och att det inte alltid fanns rutiner för hur munhälsobedömningen skulle gå till. Klinisk relevans: Det finns ett behov att synliggöra betydelsen och öka medvetenheten av att utföra munhälsobedömning genom mer utbildning till personal som arbetar med äldre personer som vårdas i livets slutskede inom kommunal hälso- och sjukvård. Det finns också ett behov av en samstämmighet kring hur munhälsobedömning bör utföras, ett förslag är att utveckla ett validerat instrument som fungerar specifikt till äldre som vårdas i livets slut.Background: Good oral health is an important part of the care of the elderly person at the end of life. Research shows that oral health is often overlooked. A basis for performing oral care in elderly people who are cared for at the end of life is to perform an oral health assessment. In Sweden, measurements in quality registers shows that there is a discrepancy between target levels and performed oral health assessments. As a specialist nurse, one of the core competencies is to be well versed in palliative care and perform structured assessments according to scientific practice. Aim: The municipal nurse's experiences of performing and documenting oral health assessments in elderly people at the end of life. Method: A qualitative approach was chosen for the study. Semi-structured interviews were held with eight municipal nurses working in home health care, in nursing home and respite care. Data were analysed using inductive latent conventional content analysis. Results: After analysing the data, four main categories emerged. Procedure: Oral health assessment is a part of palliative care and must be done on everyone. ROAG (Revised Oral Assessment Guide) is the validated instrument used in an oral health assessment, but it does not always fit well at the end of life. An oral health assessment can lead to suffering for the patient, it can at the same time lead to reduced suffering as problems can be found and alleviated. The oral health assessment is not always documented. Responsibility and collaboration: The nurses are aware of their responsibility that an oral health assessment is carried out while describing that it is also a collaboration between nursing staff and nursing colleagues. The collaboration with staff was considered to work well and the nurses rely on them to flag when the person in the final stage of life has problems from the mouth. Cooperation with nursing colleagues breaks down on certain occasions. The priority of the oral health assessment: In the meeting with people who are cared for at the end of life, there can be a lot of focus on other symptoms and there can be a lot of other things to think about, which can lead to the absence of an oral health assessment. Lack of time is another factor why the oral health assessment is not carried out. Knowledge and routines: The result shows that it is important to have a clear routine for performing oral health assessment in elderly people who are cared for at the end of life. The registered nurses felt that they did not always receive sufficient training on performing oral health assessment and that there were not always routines for how the oral health assessment should be carried out. Clinical relevance: There is a need to make the importance visible and increase the awareness of performing oral health assessment through more education for staff working with elderly people who are cared for at the end of life in municipal health care setting. There is also a need for a better described consensus on how oral health assessment should be carried out. One suggestion is to develop a validated instrument that works specifically for elderly people who are cared for at the end of life

Gränser för polisiär innovation - rättssäkerhet, enhetlighet och demokratisk legitimitet

The literature on policing asserts that there has been a remarkable emphasis oninnovation in police work over the last decades. During the same time, police organizationsin several countries have been centralized to promote increased unityand response to political steering and method development. In Sweden, the policereform was motivated by a perceived correlation between uniformity in workingmethods and organizational effectiveness. From a legal perspective, innovationin police methods involves inherent questions of rule of law – ensuring legality,compatibility with human rights, and predictability for citizens. This also carriesimplications for democratic legitimacy, since the police have far-reaching powerto interfere with citizens’ spheres of interest. This article discusses issues of innovationwithin the Swedish police from a rule of law and democracy perspective.Innovation in police work is discussed on a system level through a study of thelegal framework and institutional conditions introduced with the creation of thenew police organization. Results are presented from an interview study with policemanagers on different levels within the new organization. The results suggestthat innovation in police work develops largely organically at different levels andunits within the police organization and then spread as “best practices” whichthe new Police Authority is seen as organizationally able to pick up and disseminate.Secondly, police openness to new evidence-based methods from outside theorganization is increasing. Thirdly, there is a tension between the increased abilityto create uniformity in methods and the need to adjust these methods to localconditions. Lastly, some uncertainties regarding legal accountability seem to existas new methods are developed and implemented