Rosca Participation in Benin : a Commitment Issue

In the light of first-hand data from a Beninese urban household survey in Cotonou, we investigate several motives aiming to explain participation in Rotating Savings and Credit ASsociations. We provide empirical findings which indicate that individuals use their participation in a rosca as a device to discipline themselves to save money and commit against problems of self-control.ROSCA, self-control, Benin, Intra-Household Allocation, Saving, Household Survey, Development Finance

Rosca Participation in Benin: a Commitment Issue

In the light of first-hand data from a Beninese urban household survey in Cotonou, we investigate several motives aiming to explain participation in Rotating Savings and Credit ASsociations. We provide anecdotal pieces of evidence, descriptive statistics, FIML regressions and matching estimates which tend to indicate that most individuals use their participation in a rosca as a device to commit themselves to save money and to deal with self-control problems.ROSCA, self-control, commitment device, Benin

Is it all about Money? A Randomized Evaluation of the Impact of Insurance Literacy and Marketing Treatments on the Demand for Health Microinsurance in Senegal

In Senegal mutual health organizations (MHOs) have been present in the greater region of Thiès for years. Despite their benefits, in some areas there remain low take-up rates. We offer an insurance literacy module, communicating the benefits from health microinsurance and the functioning of MHOs, to a randomly selected sample of households in the city of Thiès. The effects of this training, and three cross-cutting marketing treatments, are evaluated using a randomized control trial. We find that the insurance literacy module has no impact, but that our marketing treatment has a significant effect on the take up decisions of households.Community based health insurance scheme, Randomized control trials, Africa, Senegal

Is it all about Money? A Randomized Evaluations of the Impact of Insurance Literacy and Marketing Treatments on the Demand for Health Microinsurance in Senegal

In Senegal mutual health organizations (MHOs) have been present in the greater region of Thiès for years. Despite their benefits, in some areas there remain low take-up rates. We offer an insurance literacy module, communicating the benefits from health microinsurance and the functioning of MHOs, to a randomly selected sample of households in the city of Thiès. The effects of this training, and three cross-cutting marketing treatments, are evaluated using a randomized control trial. We find that the insurance literacy module has no impact, but that our marketing treatment has a significant effect on the take up decisions of households.community based health insurance scheme; Randomized control trials; Africa; Senegal

Tax Structures, Economic Growth and Development

tax structure; fiscal policy; economic growth; development.This paper investigates the relationship between tax structures and economic growth in a panel of developed and developing countries. In order to raise revenue, low-income countries have historically relied more heavily on international trade taxes, whilst richer nations employ comparatively more consumption and income taxes. Using the new Government Revenue Dataset (GRD) from the International Centre for Tax and Development (ICTD), we consider the effects of revenue-neutral changes in tax structure on economic growth for a panel of over 100 countries with data covering the period 1980-2010. Results from the Common Correlated Effects Mean Group (CMG) estimator (Pesaran 2006) find that increases in income taxes (specifically personal income taxes) offset by reductions in trade or consumption taxes have had a negative impact on GDP growth rates. We also highlight the fact that trade liberalisation has not had any discernible positive effects on economic growth. Revenue-neutral increases in personal income taxes are found to be particularly harmful in middle- and low-income countries. Taken alongside the results of, for example, Baunsgaard and Keen (2010), this is a reminder of the difficulties of tax reform for developing countries.DfID, NORA

Anomalies du tube neural : mieux comprendre les causes génétiques de cette pathologie complexe

Les anomalies du tube neural (ATN) sont des malformations congénitales affectant 1:1000 naissances et causées par une fermeture incomplète du tube neural résultant en des malformations du cerveau et de la moelle épinière. Les présentations les plus courantes de ces malformations sont l’Anencéphalie et le Spina Bifida qui résultent d’échec de fermeture dans les régions crâniales et spinales respectivement. L’étiologie de la maladie est complexe et inclut des facteurs génétiques et environnementaux. À ce jour, près de ~250 gènes causatifs ont été identifiés chez le modèle murin permettant entre autres de conclure à un rôle important de la voie PCP dans l’étiologie des ATN. Des études de liaison et l’étude des gènes de la voie de l’acide folique ont aussi eu un certain succès, mais une majorité de l’étiologie génétique de la pathologie humaine demeure inconnue suggérant que de nouvelles approches sont nécessaires. Le séquençage de l’exome entier combiné aux méthodes d’analyse de variants de novo et de reséquençage de masse offre une option d’investigation puissante permettant d’éclaircir l’étiologie génétique des ATN. L’investigation de variants de novo dans 43 trios a permis d’identifier 42 variants codants dont 6 entraînent une version tronquée de la protéine. De ceux-ci, 2 variants tronquants (p.Tyr392X et p.Leu948fs) touchaient le gène candidat SHROOM3 ayant précédemment été associé aux ATN chez la souris. L’enrichissement statistique de variants tronquants dans ce gène suggère une association à la pathologie humaine. De plus, le nombre élevé de variants tronquants identifiés suggère que l’apparition de variants de novo est un des mécanismes permettant de maintenir la prévalence élevée de cette maladie léthale dans la population. L’investigation des variants transmis à l’aide d’une approche des gènes candidats chez 6 familles affectées par des ATN a permis l’identification d’un variant homozygote tronquant p.Asp16Aspfs*10 sur le gène GRHL3 chez deux sœurs affectées par un ATN. GRHL3 étant un gène candidat ayant été précédemment associé aux ATN chez la souris, un reséquençage massif de ce gène dans 192 patients sporadiques et une réanalyse des 43 trios précédents ont permis d’identifier 7 variants avec un haut potentiel pathogénique. L’analyse statistique de ces variants a permis de conclure un enrichissement significatif suggérant une association de GRHL3 aux ATN humaines. Des études fonctionnelles subséquentes a permis de conclure que deux des variants entraînaient une perte de fonctions (p.Arg391Cys et p.Ala529Val), alors qu’un autre affectait l’épissage de l’ARN (p.Ala318Glyfs*26). Ces résultats supportent fortement l’implication du gène GRHL3 dans les ATN humains. L’étiologie génétique des anomalies du tube neural demeure largement inconnue. Ces nouveaux gènes ouvrent la porte sur de nouveaux processus pathogéniques potentiels de la maladie. Ces résultats permettront de mieux comprendre la maladie et d’offrir une meilleure prise en charge clinique des familles affectées.Neural tube defects (NTD) are congenital malformations affecting 1 :1000 births and are caused by incomplete neural tube closure resulting in spinal cord and brain malformations. The most frequent presentations include Anencephaly and Spina Bifida which result from failure of closure of the cranial and spinal regions respectively. The etiology of the disease is complex and include genetic and environmental factors. To this day, ~250 causative genes have been identified in the mouse model and demonstrated the role of the planar cell polarity pathway in the NTD’ etiology. Linkage studies and candidate gene studies of folic acid genes had limited success and a large portion of the genetic etiology of the human pathology remain unknown suggesting the need for novel approaches. Whole exome sequencing combined with de novo variant and massive resequencing methods offer a powerful tool that may lead to a better understanding of the genetic etiology of NTD. Investigation of de novo variants in 43 trios identified 42 coding variants including 6 truncating ones. Of these, 2 truncating variants (p.Tyr392X et p.Leu948fs) were found in the SHROOM3 gene which had previously been associated to NTD in mouse. Statistical enrichment of truncating variants in this gene suggest an association to the human pathology. The high number of truncating variants identified in this cohort also suggest that de novo variants are one of the mechanisms that maintain the high prevalence of this lethal disease in the population. Investigation of transmitted variants using a candidate gene approach in 6 NTD affected family identified a homozygous truncating variant p.Asp16Aspfs*10 in the GRHL3 gene in two NTD affected sisters. GRHL3 is a strong candidate gene previously associated to NTD in mouse. Massive parallel resequencing of 192 sporadic patients and the analysis of the 43 previous trios identified 7 variants with a high pathogenic potential. Statistical analysis of these variants demonstrated a significant enrichment suggesting an association of GRHL3 with human NTD. Functional studies supported these findings through the identification of two loss of function variants (p.Arg391Cys et p.Ala529Val) and a variant affecting RNA splicing (p.Ala318Glyfs*26). The genetic etiology of NTD remain largely unknown. These new genes are essential to identification of new potential pathogenic processes of this disease. These results will help better understand the disease and offer better genetic counseling for the affected families

Malformation Chiari-Like : l’investigation d’une maladie complexe par l’utilisation d’un modèle canin

La malformation de Chiari type 1 (MCI) est une anomalie congénitale de la jonction cranio-cérébrale fréquente avec une incidence de 1:1280. MCI est caractérisée par la descente des amygdales cérébelleuses à travers le foramen magnum et est souvent associée à la syringomyélie. Les causes de cette maladie semblent être multifactorielles incluant des facteurs génétiques. La MCI est similaire à une malformation fréquente chez la race des Griffon Bruxellois (GB) connue sous le nom de Malformation Chiari-like (MCL). Le modèle canin offre l’avantage d’une forte homogénéité génétique réduisant ainsi la complexité de la maladie et facilitant l’identification d’un locus causatif. Une étude d’association du génome entier sur une cohorte de 56 GB suivie d’une cartographie fine sur une cohorte de 217 GB a identifié un locus fortement associé à la MCL sur le chromosome 2 (22 SNPs, valeur P= 7 x 10-8) avec un haplotype de 1.9 Mb plus fréquent chez les non affectés. Une seconde étude d’association du génome entier sur une cohorte de 113 GB a permis d’identifier un 2 ème locus fortement associé à la MCL sur le chromosome 13 (25 SNPs , valeur P= 3 x 10 -7) avec un haplotype de 4 Mb surreprésenté chez les non affectés. Ces régions candidates constituent la première étape vers l’identification de gènes causatifs pour la MCL. Notre étude offre un point d’entrée vers une meilleure compréhension des mécanismes moléculaires sous-tendant la pathogénèse de la MCI humaine.Chiari I malformation (CMI) represents a common congenital abnormality of the craniocerebral junction with an estimated incidence of 1 in 1280. CMI is characterized by a descent of the cerebellar tonsils into the foramen magnum, often in association with syringomyelia. The developmental defect in CMI is thought to be the result of an underdeveloped occipital bone and small posterior fossa. The etiology of CMI is thought to be multifactorial involving genetic factors. CMI in humans is similar to a condition in the dog called Chiari-like malformation (CM) that is particularly common in the Griffon Bruxellois (GB) breeds. A genome wide association study on a 56 GB cohort followed by a fine mapping in a 217 GB cohort have identified a locus on chromosome 2 that was strongly associated with CM (22 SNPs, P value= 7 x 10-8). Haploview analysis of this locus identified a haplotype of 1.9 Mb that was more frequent in non-affected dogs. A second genome wide association study in a 113 GB cohort lead to the identification of another locus on chromosome 13 that was strongly associated with CM (25 SNPs , P value= 3 x 10-7). Analysis of this region identified a 4Mb haplotype that was more frequent in non-affected dogs. Our study constitutes the first essential step towards identification of the causative genes in CM. Our study provides an entry point for better understanding of the molecular genetic mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of human CMI

Social groups and credit shocks : evidence of inequalities in consumption smoothing

A strand of research holds the view that restricting access to credit to regulate over-borrowing can worsen consumers’ financial condition. Another strand of research holds the view that access to credit in the developing countries with subprime credit markets is determined by social groupings and ethnic affiliations. By merging these two strands of research, we investigate the impact of Andhra Pradesh microfinance act (2010) on the consumption expenditure of marginalised social groups and the upper caste Hindu groups in India. We construct an aggregated district level panel data for eight quarters and estimate the impact of unanticipated policy change. The results of our analysis show that the sudden restriction of access to credit has relatively larger impact on the consumption levels of the marginalised social groups: lower castes, tribes, and Muslims. The findings also confirm the failure of contingency policy enacted for smoothing consumption.PostprintPeer reviewe

Increasing anti-malaria bednet take-up using information and distribution strategies: evidence from a field trial in Senegal

We evaluate the effects of different marketing and distribution techniques on the purchase of Long-Lasting Insecticide-Treated Nets (LL-ITN). Using an individually assigned quasi-randomised controlled trial in urban Senegal, we look at the impacts of different sale treatments. Receiving an offer to purchase an LL-ITN with a voucher valid for seven days increases purchases by 23 percentage points, compared to an on-the-spot sale offer. We find suggestive evidence that providing information is not significantly correlated to the demand for LL-ITNs, but appears to be for individuals who have never attended school and have poor knowledge of malaria