Analysis of continuous glucose tracking data in people with type 1 diabetes after COVID-19 vaccination reveals unexpected link between immune and metabolic response, augmented by adjunctive oral medication

Introduction: The COVID-19 vaccination programme is under way worldwide. Anecdotal evidence is increasing that some people with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) experience temporary instability of blood glucose (BG) levels post-vaccination which normally settles within 2-3 days. We report an analysis of BG profiles of 20 individuals before/after vaccination. Methods: We examined the BG profile of 20 consecutive adults (18 years of age or more) with T1DM using the FreeStyle Libre flash glucose monitor in the period immediately before and after COVID-19 vaccination. The primary outcome measure was percentage (%) BG readings in the designated target range 3.9-10 mmmol/L as reported on the LibreView portal for 7 days prior to the vaccination (week −1) and the 7 days after the vaccination (week +1). Results: There was a significant decrease in the %BG on target following the COVID-vaccination for the 7 days following vaccination (mean 45.2% ± SE 4.2%) vs pre-COVID-19 vaccination (mean 52.6% ± SE 4.5%). This was mirrored by an increase in the proportion of readings in other BG categories 10.1%-13.9%/≥14%. There was no significant change in BG variability in the 7days post-COVID-19 vaccination. This change in BG proportion on target in the week following vaccination was most pronounced for people taking Metformin/Dapagliflozin+basal-bolus insulin (−23%) vs no oral hypoglycaemic agents (−4%), and median age <53 vs ≥53 years (greater reduction in %BG in target for older individuals (−18% vs −9%)). Conclusion: In T1DM, we have shown that COVID-19 vaccination can cause temporary perturbation of BG, with this effect more pronounced in patients talking oral hypoglycaemic medication plus insulin, and in older individuals. This may also have consequences for patients with T2DM who are currently not supported by flash glucose monitoring

Natural disasters in Australia

The history of natural hazards in Australia and their physical, economic and social consequences are discussed in this paper. The lack of any national programme for hazard mitigation is identified, alongside an overview of Australia as a country where major disasters are accepted as a part of everyday life. Copyrigh

Ravidas community problems in the West Midlands and Northern India

This present work traces the life and influence of one man in 15th century India. His name was Ravidas. the dissertation examines his teachings and shows how his influence in Northern India created a group of followers. They remained within the Hindu caste-system but attained a separate identity. A further goal of the research was to examine in the contect of contemporary Northern India some of the problems which beset the followers of Ravidas. The community was surveyed also in its 20th century setting in a Western culture (In West Midlands) making reference to its problems. The dissertation makes brief mention of some of the mechanisms that exist within the Ravidas community for finding solutions to these problems. A description of the research methodology is contained in the first chapter. The methods on which the study is based consisted principally of historical/documentary research supplemented by personally administered questionnaires, structured interviews with male members of the Ravidas community living in the West Midlands and personal visits by the author to India. The present author is aware that the influences that have had a bearing on the emergence of the Ravidas community span 5,000 years, and that these involve two world religions (Hinduism and Islam). The influences are compounded by the effect of transplanting an Eastern sub-culture within a Western culture several thousand miles removed. In view of the span of time, distance and culture, it was thought wise to devote the first chapter to exploring some historical details to describe the methodology and to make brief mention of the conclusions which are stated formally in Chapter XI. The conclusions deal with the religious structues of Ravidasias, their social and political aspirations as an identifiable and separate cultural group and the implications of past and present trends for the future

The reform of the prohibition against the giving of financial assistance for the acquisition of shares by a third party in a transaction involving a public limited liability company

The current UK prohibition against the giving of financial assistance for the acquisition of shares by a third party (applicable to transactions involving a public limited liability company) was founded upon a misconception. Although the original rationales for the prohibition’s inception have been gradually eradicated and its scope restricted, new rationales have been moulded to justify its continued application. By analysing its early development and modern case law application, this thesis identifies the scope of the prohibition – including interested parties who may be impacted by its operation. Previously, there has been neither a comprehensive enquiry into the commercially beneficial transactions which may be impeded by operation of the prohibition nor a determination of the types of abuse which may arise out of transactions involving the giving of financial assistance. Historically, company law reviews of the prohibition in the UK have identified some of the aforementioned impacts but failed to undertake either a thorough assessment of the alternative safeguards available to protect interested parties or the level of protection afforded by those safeguards. This thesis accomplishes these points - identifying the unnecessary duality of protection provided by the prohibition and thus its redundancy. This thesis also analyses how other jurisdictions have dealt with the giving of financial assistance in order to assess their relative advantages and disadvantages and, accordingly, the desirability of the UK and/or European Union member states adopting one of those alternative approaches. On the basis of this wide-ranging enquiry, four recommendations logically emerge which are capable of immediate, or progressive, implementation and which have the ultimate objective of abolishing the prohibition as it applies to the giving of financial assistance for the acquisition of shares by a third party in a transaction involving a public limited liability company

Welfare policy: A review

This paper reviews the literature on disaster welfare policy. Analysis of the Australian disaster welfare response shows the different functions of government and voluntary welfare agencies. Copyrigh

Ravidas community problems in the West Midlands and Northern India

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