Selected laboratory experiments for ninth grade physical science

Call number: LD2668 .R4 1967 L4

Children\u27s Literature and Literacy Instruction: Literature-Based Elementary Teachers Belief and Practices

In recent years, there has been growing interest nation wide among elementary teachers for using children\u27s literature as the core of the reading program. A national survey (Cullinan, 1989) indicated that many states are involved in literature-based initiatives, and some states, led by California, have mandated the use of literature (Alexander, 1987). Therefore, many teachers are making the transition from highly structured commercial reading programs to literature programs that require extensive teacher decision-making regarding materials, grouping, instructional practices, and assessment. Concerns are now being raised in the profession about the nature and appropriateness of some literature-based programs\u27 implementation (Gardner, 1988; Purves, 1990). For example, philosophical tension is growing between teaching reading with literature (suggesting a primarily literacy focus) and teaching literature (implying a stronger literary perspective). In fact, Purves (1990) bluntly pinpoints this conflict by asking whether literature can be rescued from reading (p.79)

Donor human milk in Neonatal Intensive Care Unit — to whom, how much and how long?

Objectives: The aim of the study was to present the variability of patients who received donor human milk (DHM) during Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) hospitalization, including time of its usage and volume of portions.  Material and methods: A retrospective analysis of data was conducted for all infants admitted to the NICU at the University Hospital during the first year of the Human Milk Bank operation. One-way analysis of variance in the intergroup scheme, Kruskal-Wallis variance analysis with the Jonckheere-Tepstra test, correlation analysis using Pearson’s r and Spearmann’s rho, frequency analysis using the Fisher’s exact test were used to conduct analyses.  Results: 133 newborns received DHM. 3 groups of neonates were identified: < 32 0/7 weeks, 32 0/7–36 6/7 weeks and > 37 0/7 weeks of gestational age (GA). Time of DHM supplementation was similar in all groups and does not differ depending on the GA but preterm infants received the smallest total volume of DHM. However, infants > 37 weeks of GA had almost a threefold greater chance of abandoning breastfeeding than the others (odds ratio (OR) = 2.89, 95% CI: 0.69–12.20). There was a statistically significant, weak negative correlation between period of total parenteral nutrition and the volume of milk from the bank: rho = –0.194; p = 0.026.  Conclusions: The DHM supply did not have a negative impact on lactation and breastfeeding. Stimulation of lactation was necessary for 5–7 days. The time of DHM supply was the same regardless of GA. The majority of infants were breastfed or received only MOM on the day of discharge from the hospital

A functional learning resource center for an elementary school

"January 1971, College of Education and University Extension Division cooperating."One of the important dimensions of the current revolution in elementary education is the individualization of instruction-a dimension which forces the teacher to change his role from being primarily a dispenser of information to one of diagnostician and prescriber. Individualized instruction can be labeled as one of the fastest moving innovations in elementary education today. At least many educators are giving lip service to it, and many are eagerly attempting to put the concept into practice. As I work with educators in Missouri and other states, I find there is a sincere desire to implement a program of individualization. Two factors which I feel are essential in the initiation of a program on individualized learning are: (1) a set of guidelines stated so that skills to be developed are definitely defined and (2) an abundance and variety of supplementary materials. To accomplish the first factor, teachers must decide on the behavioral objectives for each academic subject from ·kindergarten through sixth grade. To fulfill the second, they must select from supplementary texts, pamphlets, records, films, and tapes the materials which meet these objectives on all levels for varying learning and study styles. A trend is to house these materials in a Leaming Resource Center (LRC) so they are readily available to all students of the school. It is my observation that establishment of a Learning Resource Center is one of the first steps in individualizing instruction. After the teacher has made an accurate diagnosis and has written an appropriate prescription for the individual the materials are then easily accessible. In my work as an elementary specialist for continuing professional education, I have found a limited number of Learning Resource Centers in operation. Educators know the value of these centers and they desire help in establishing and administrating one. The Learning Resource Center must have financing and backing of the school district if it is to function efficiently. The Board of Education of Clayton, Mo., granted funds to McMorrow Elementary School to develop a Learning Resource Center. In the following pages George Fairgrieve, Principal; Jane Coffey, Learning Resource Center Director; and Barbara Lehman, Primary Teacher; describe the functional Learning Resource Center at McMorrow Elementary School. As I edited this material, I knew it would be a beneficial document and tool of reference for you in establishing your LRC. Probably you will not need to utilize nor will you agree with all of the material as stated. However, you should find much of it adaptable to your school situation. It is my recommendation that as you read this monograph you note what appears usable and modify it into a functional plan for your school. Then you will have made an excellent beginning.--Introduction.Includes bibliographical reference

Bed Site Selection of Fawn Pronghorn in Custer State Park, South Dakota

We evaluated pronghorn (Antilocapra americana) fawn bedding site characteristics on a prairie and ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) landscape interface in Custer State Park, South Dakota. We radio-marked 16 adult female pronghorn and collected bed site information from their fawns during 2007~2008. We compared bed site selection with random sites (n = 74) during 2 periods; the early hiding phase when fawns were 1 ~28 days of age (n = 23 bed sites) and the later group phase when fawns were 29~60 days of age (n = 52 bed sites). During the hiding phase fawns selected dry prairie-seminatural mixed grassland at the course-scale level; group phase fawns selected prairie dog (Cynomys ludoviciana) dominated grasslands and dry prairie-seminatural mixed grassland at the course-scale. Evaluation at the fine-scale indicated fawns during the group phase period selected bed sites that had greater forb cover and overs tory canopy cover of ponderosa pine trees compared to random sites. Management activities that promote a dynamic grassland ecosystem with patches of forb cover may enhance resources selected as bedding habitat by pronghorn fawns during the group phase period

Catabolic Ornithine Carbamoyltransferase Activity Facilitates Growth of Staphylococcus aureus in Defined Medium Lacking Glucose and Arginine

Previous studies have found that arginine biosynthesis in Staphylococcus aureus is repressed via carbon catabolite repression (CcpA), and proline is used as a precursor. Unexpectedly, however, robust growth of S. aureus is not observed in complete defined medium lacking both glucose and arginine (CDM-R). Mutants able to grow on agar-containing defined medium lacking arginine (CDM-R) were selected and found to contain mutations within ahrC, encoding the canonical arginine biosynthesis pathway repressor (AhrC), or single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) upstream of the native arginine deiminase (ADI) operon arcA1B1D1C1. Reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) studies found that mutations within ccpA or ahrC or SNPs identified upstream of arcA1B1D1C1 increased the transcription of both arcB1 and argGH, encoding ornithine carbamoyltransferase and argininosuccinate synthase/lyase, respectively, facilitating arginine biosynthesis. Furthermore, mutations within the AhrC homologue argR2 facilitated robust growth within CDM-R. Complementation with arcB1 or arcA1B1D1C1, but not argGH, rescued growth in CDM-R. Finally, supplementation of CDM-R with ornithine stimulated growth, as did mutations in genes (proC and rocA) that presumably increased the pyrroline-5-carboxylate and ornithine pools. Collectively, these data suggest that the transcriptional regulation of ornithine carbamoyltransferase and, in addition, the availability of intracellular ornithine pools regulate arginine biosynthesis in S. aureus in the absence of glucose. Surprisingly, ~50% of clinical S. aureus isolates were able to grow in CDM-R. These data suggest that S. aureus is selected to repress arginine biosynthesis in environments with or without glucose; however, mutants may be readily selected that facilitate arginine biosynthesis and growth in specific environments lacking arginine. IMPORTANCE Staphylococcus aureus can cause infection in virtually any niche of the human host, suggesting that it has significant metabolic versatility. Indeed, bioinformatic analysis suggests that it has the biosynthetic capability to synthesize all 20 amino acids. Paradoxically, however, it is conditionally auxotrophic for several amino acids, including arginine. Studies in our laboratory are designed to assess the biological function of amino acid auxotrophy in this significant pathogen. This study reveals that the metabolic block repressing arginine biosynthesis in media lacking glucose is the transcriptional repression of ornithine carbamoyltransferase encoded by arcB1 within the native arginine deiminase operon in addition to limited intracellular pools of ornithine. Surprisingly, approximately 50% of S. aureus clinical isolates can grow in media lacking arginine, suggesting that mutations are selected in S. aureus that allow growth in particular niches of the human host

Ablation of PGC-1β Results in Defective Mitochondrial Activity, Thermogenesis, Hepatic Function, and Cardiac Performance

The transcriptional coactivator peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator-1β (PGC-1β) has been implicated in important metabolic processes. A mouse lacking PGC-1β (PGC1βKO) was generated and phenotyped using physiological, molecular, and bioinformatic approaches. PGC1βKO mice are generally viable and metabolically healthy. Using systems biology, we identified a general defect in the expression of genes involved in mitochondrial function and, specifically, the electron transport chain. This defect correlated with reduced mitochondrial volume fraction in soleus muscle and heart, but not brown adipose tissue (BAT). Under ambient temperature conditions, PGC-1β ablation was partially compensated by up-regulation of PGC-1α in BAT and white adipose tissue (WAT) that lead to increased thermogenesis, reduced body weight, and reduced fat mass. Despite their decreased fat mass, PGC1βKO mice had hypertrophic adipocytes in WAT. The thermogenic role of PGC-1β was identified in thermoneutral and cold-adapted conditions by inadequate responses to norepinephrine injection. Furthermore, PGC1βKO hearts showed a blunted chronotropic response to dobutamine stimulation, and isolated soleus muscle fibres from PGC1βKO mice have impaired mitochondrial function. Lack of PGC-1β also impaired hepatic lipid metabolism in response to acute high fat dietary loads, resulting in hepatic steatosis and reduced lipoprotein-associated triglyceride and cholesterol content. Altogether, our data suggest that PGC-1β plays a general role in controlling basal mitochondrial function and also participates in tissue-specific adaptive responses during metabolic stress

Cytomegalovirus Replicon-Based Regulation of Gene Expression In Vitro and In Vivo

There is increasing evidence for a connection between DNA replication and the expression of adjacent genes. Therefore, this study addressed the question of whether a herpesvirus origin of replication can be used to activate or increase the expression of adjacent genes. Cell lines carrying an episomal vector, in which reporter genes are linked to the murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) origin of lytic replication (oriLyt), were constructed. Reporter gene expression was silenced by a histone-deacetylase-dependent mechanism, but was resolved upon lytic infection with MCMV. Replication of the episome was observed subsequent to infection, leading to the induction of gene expression by more than 1000-fold. oriLyt-based regulation thus provided a unique opportunity for virus-induced conditional gene expression without the need for an additional induction mechanism. This principle was exploited to show effective late trans-complementation of the toxic viral protein M50 and the glycoprotein gO of MCMV. Moreover, the application of this principle for intracellular immunization against herpesvirus infection was demonstrated. The results of the present study show that viral infection specifically activated the expression of a dominant-negative transgene, which inhibited viral growth. This conditional system was operative in explant cultures of transgenic mice, but not in vivo. Several applications are discussed