Geotechnical and Geologic Features of U.S. 189 in Provo Canyon, Utah

Provo Canyon, located in north central Utah, is known to have landslide hazards for many years. Construction to widen and straighten a 2.5-mile-long section of U.S. 189 known as the “Narrows” commenced in December 1995. This project consists of twin 300-foot-long two-lane tunnels, 3/4 million cubic yards of soil and rock excavation, 60,000 square feet of cast-in-place concrete soil nailed walls, and 90,790 square feet of mechanically stabilized embankment. During excavation for some of the cuts, landslides occurred that required remediation. Cracks were noticed near the northern portal of the tunnels which necessitated immediate stabilization. Observations during construction are presented. Immediately north of “The Narrows” section of U. S. 189 is an approximate six-mile-long segment called the Upper Provo Canyon project. The project includes a one-mile section of roadway that traverses over some landslides, known as the Hoover Slides, which have been active for at least 60 years. The Hoover Slides are within a thrust fault known as the Deer Creek thrust. From the exploration program, geotechnical and geologic features were identified which permitted the development of probable chronological events of the Hoover Slides and postulated sliding mechanisms responsible for the movements

Collective action and market formation: An integrative framework

Research Summary : While extant research recognizes the importance of collective action for market formation, it provides little understanding about when and to what extent collective action is important. In this article, we develop a novel theoretical framework detailing what collective action problems and solutions arise in market formation and under what conditions. Our framework centers on the development of market infrastructure with three key factors that influence the nature and extent of collective action problems: perceived returns to contributions, excludability, and contribution substitutability. We apply our framework to diverse market formation contexts and derive a set of attendant propositions. Finally, we show how collective action problems and solutions evolve during market formation efforts and discuss how our framework contributes to strategic management, entrepreneurship, and organization literatures. Managerial Summary : This article lays out the key considerations that players operating in new markets should contemplate when making nontrivial investments in those spaces. As collective action problems can thwart efforts to establish new markets, we ask: When and under what conditions should market players collaborate rather than act independently? And if players collaborate, how should they coordinate to establish a new market? To address these research questions, we develop a novel generalizable framework of collective action in market formation. Our framework assesses the presence and type of collective action problems that hinder market formation and identifies potential solutions tied to those collective action problems

Treadmill exercise within lower body negative pressure protects leg lean tissue mass and extensor strength and endurance during bed rest.

Leg muscle mass and strength are decreased during reduced activity and non-weight-bearing conditions such as bed rest (BR) and spaceflight. Supine treadmill exercise within lower body negative pressure (LBNPEX) provides full-body weight loading during BR and may prevent muscle deconditioning. We hypothesized that a 40-min interval exercise protocol performed against LBNPEX 6 days week(-1) would attenuate losses in leg lean mass (LLM), strength, and endurance during 6° head-down tilt BR, with similar benefits for men and women. Fifteen pairs of healthy monozygous twins (8 male and 7 female pairs) completed 30 days of BR with one sibling of each twin pair assigned randomly as the non-exercise control (CON) and the other twin as the exercise subject (EX). Before and after BR, LLM and isokinetic leg strength and endurance were measured. Mean knee and ankle extensor and flexor strength and endurance and LLM decreased from pre- to post-BR in the male CON subjects (P < 0.01), but knee extensor strength and endurance, ankle extensor strength, and LLM were maintained in the male EX subjects. In contrast, no pre- to post-BR changes were significant in the female subjects, either CON or EX, likely due to their lower pre-BR values. Importantly, the LBNPEX countermeasure prevents or attenuates declines in LLM as well as extensor leg strength and endurance. Individuals who are stronger, have higher levels of muscular endurance, and/or have greater LLM are likely to experience greater losses during BR than those who are less fit

Highly Siderophile Elements as Tracers for the Subcontinental Mantle Evolution Beneath the Southwestern USA: The San Carlos and Kilbourne Hole Peridotite Xenoliths Revisited

Peridotite xenoliths from San Carlos, Arizona, and Kilbourne Hole, New Mexico, have been studied since the 1970 s to give insights into melting and metasomatism in the subcontinental mantle beneath the southwestern USA. More recently, the highly siderophile elements (HSE; Os, Ir, Ru, Rh, Pt, Pd, and Re) and the included Re-Os isotope system have been established as powerful tools for the study of mantle processes because of their range in compatibility during mantle melting and their siderophile and chalcophile geochemical behavior. Model aluminachron Re-Os ages for San Carlos and Kilbourne Hole, as well as for the nearby Dish Hill and Vulcan's Throne sites, give consistent depletion ages of around 2.2 Ga. This age can be interpreted as a single large scale mantle melting event linked to crustal formation and continental growth under the southwestern USA. Highly siderophile elements, however, may be added to depleted peridotites via melt-rock interaction, especially the more incompatible and hence mobile Pt, Pd, and Re. This may result in overprinting of the signature of melt extraction, thus abating the usefulness of Re-Os mantle extraction model ages. A comprehensive characterization of the suite of mantle xenoliths from the SW USA in terms of HSE concentrations is thus necessary to re-assess the Re-Os system for dating purposes. San Carlos peridotites are depleted to moderately fertile, as indicated by their bulk Al2O3 contents between 0.66 wt% and 3.13 wt%. Bulk Os-187/Os-188 in San Carlos peridotites range from 0.1206 to 0.1357. In contrast, Kilbourne Hole peridotites tend to be more fertile with Al2O3 between 2.11 and 3.78 wt%, excluding one extremely depleted sample with 0.30 wt% Al2O3, and have Os-187/Os-188 between 0.1156 and 0.1272, typical for mantle peridotites. No large fractionation between the more compatible HSE Os, Ir, and Ru are observed. The more incompatible HSE Re, Pd, and to a minor extent, Pt, however, are depleted in a number of samples by factors of up to 4 for Pt, 6 for Pd, and 20 for Re, compared to primitive mantle estimates. This is in agreement with previous studies from the same locales, which demonstrated the presence of different populations of mantle xenoliths having undergone various degrees of melt extraction. The depletion of the more incompatible elements (Re, Pd, and Pt) also suggests that the HSE budgets of the SW USA peridotites were primarily established by extraction of basaltic melt, and reflect only minor influence from later episodes of metasomatism. Model Re-Os ages obtained from San Carlos and Kilbourne Hole xenoliths may thus reflect ages of crustal formation and mantle depletion in the SW USA region

Petrology and Mineral Chemistry of New Olivine-Phyric Shergottite RBT04262

RBT04262 was found by the 2004-2005 ANSMET team at the Roberts Massif in Antarctica. It is paired with RBT04261 and is classified as an olivine-phyric shergottite. RBT04261 is 4.0 x 3.5 x 2.5 cm and 78.8 g, and RBT04262 is 6.5 x 5.5 x 3.5 cm and 204.6 g. Both were partially covered by a fusion crust [1]. Chemical analysis and mapping of this meteorite was performed using the Cameca SX100 electron microprobe at NASA Johnson Space Center

An Argument for Amphetamine-Induced Hallucinations in an Invertebrate

Hallucinations – compelling perceptions of stimuli that aren’t really there – occur in many psychiatric and neurological disorders, and are triggered by certain drugs of abuse. Despite their clinical importance, the neuronal mechanisms giving rise to hallucinations are poorly understood, in large part due to the absence of animal models in which they can be induced, confirmed to be endogenously generated, and objectively analyzed. In humans, amphetamine (AMPH) and related psychostimulants taken in large or repeated doses can induce hallucinations. Here we present evidence for such phenomena in the marine mollusk Tritonia diomedea. Animals injected with AMPH were found to sporadically launch spontaneous escape swims in the absence of eliciting stimuli. Deafferented isolated brains exposed to AMPH, where real stimuli could play no role, generated sporadic, spontaneous swim motor programs. A neurophysiological search of the swim network traced the origin of these drug-induced spontaneous motor programs to spontaneous bursts of firing in the S-cells, the CNS afferent neurons that normally inform the animal of skin contact with its predators and trigger the animal’s escape swim. Further investigation identified AMPH-induced enhanced excitability and plateau potential properties in the S-cells. Taken together, these observations support an argument that Tritonia’s spontaneous AMPH-induced swims are triggered by false perceptions of predator contact – i.e., hallucinations—and illuminate potential cellular mechanisms for such phenomena

GAD1 Upregulation Programs Aggressive Features of Cancer Cell Metabolism in the Brain Metastatic Microenvironment

The impact of altered amino acid metabolism on cancer progression is not fully understood. We hypothesized that a metabolic transcriptome shift during metastatic evolution is crucial for brain metastasis. Here, we report a powerful impact in this setting caused by epigenetic upregulation of glutamate decarboxylase 1 (GAD1), a regulator of the GABA neurotransmitter metabolic pathway. In cell-based culture and brain metastasis models, we found that downregulation of the DNA methyltransferase DNMT1 induced by the brain microenvironment-derived clusterin resulted in decreased GAD1 promoter methylation and subsequent upregulation of GAD1 expression in brain metastatic tumor cells. In a system to dynamically visualize cellular metabolic responses mediated by GAD1, we monitored the cytosolic NADH:NAD+ equilibrium in tumor cells. Reducing GAD1 in metastatic cells by primary glia cell coculture abolished the capacity of metastatic cells to utilize extracellular glutamine, leading to cytosolic accumulation of NADH and increased oxidative status. Similarly, genetic or pharmacologic disruption of the GABA metabolic pathway decreased the incidence of brain metastasis in vivo Taken together, our results show how epigenetic changes in GAD1 expression alter local glutamate metabolism in the brain metastatic microenvironment, contributing to a metabolic adaption that facilitates metastasis outgrowth in that setting

Akurasi penerapan kaidah fikih dalam penetapan Pengadilan Agama Lamongan nomor 0078/Pdt.P/2010/PA.Lmg. tentang Wali ‘Adal

Skripsi ini adalah basil penelitian kepust akaan untuk menjawab pertanyaan: bagaimana penerapan kaidah fikih "Pemerintah mengurusi rakyatnya sesuai dengan kemaslahatan" dalam penetapan Pengadilan Agama Lamongan Nomor 0078/Pdt.P/201 O/PA.Lmg. tentang wali 'adal dan bagaimana analisis akurasi penerapan kaidah fikih dalam penetapan tersebut? Data penelitian dihimpun melalui dokumentasi dan interview dan selanjutnya dianalisis dengan teknik deskriptif-analitis. Peneliti mendeskripsikan penerapan kaidah fikih yang diterapkan dalam kasus permohonan wali 'adal di Pengadilan Agama Lamongan dalam penetapan Nomor 0078/Pdt.P/2010/PA.Lmg kemudian menganalisis akurasi penerapan kaidah fikih dalam penetapan tersebut. Dalam penelitian ini peneliti menemukan kejanggalan pada penerapan kaidah fikih dalam penetapan tersebut. Pertama, kaidah tersebut terlalu umum. Kedua, cabang penerapan kaidah tersebut bertentangan dengan undang-undang yang menjadi dasar hakim memut uskan perkara. Hasil penelitian menyimpulkan: Pertama, penerapan kaidah tersebut adalah untuk melengkapi dasar hukum Penetapan Pengadilan Agama Lamongan Nomor 0078/Pdt.P/2010/PA.Lmg., namun uraian kaidah tersebut bertentangan dengan Pasal 18 Ayat (4) dan (5) Perat uran Menteri Agama RI Nomor 11 tahun 2007, Pasal 23 Ayat (2) Kompilasi Hukum Islam, dan Pasal 1, Pasal 6 Ayat (1), dan Pasal 40 Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 1974; Kedua, penerapan kaidah tersebut tidak akurat karena perbedaan konsep maslahat dan kata'ah, dan pergeseran kekuatan hukum wali nasab (wali khusus) yang menjadi begiu lemah dibandingkan hakim (wali umum) dalam ranah hukum di Indonesia. Sejalan dengan kesimpulan di atas, maka penulis menyarankan: Pertama, majelis hakim harus lebih teliti dalam mencant umkan dasar hukum dan mengambil alih pendapat pakar hukum dalam setiap put usan dan penetapan; Kedua, Badab Peradilan Agama perlu merumuskan kaidah-kaidah fikih/kaidah-kaidah hukum baru, unt uk menetapkan/memutuskan perkara yang konsep dasarnya belum dibahas dalam kaidah-kaidah fikih yang telah ada

Evidence Report: Risk of Spaceflight Associated Neuro-ocular Syndrome (SANS)

A subset of astronauts develop neuro-ocular structural and functional changes during prolonged periods of spaceflight that may lead to additional neurologic and ocular consequences upon return to Earth

Effects of aerosol size and coating thickness on the molecular detection using extractive electrospray ionization

Extractive electrospray ionization (EESI) has been a well-known technique for high-throughput online molecular characterization of chemical reaction products and intermediates, detection of native biomolecules, in vivo metabolomics, and environmental monitoring with negligible thermal and ionization-induced fragmentation for over two decades. However, the EESI extraction mechanism remains uncertain. Prior studies disagree on whether particles between 20 and 400nm diameter are fully extracted or if the extraction is limited to the surface layer. Here, we examined the analyte extraction mechanism by assessing the influence of particle size and coating thickness on the detection of the molecules therein. We find that particles are extracted fully: organics-coated NH4NO3 particles with a fixed core volume (156 and 226nm in diameter without coating) showed constant EESI signals for NH4NO3 independent of the shell coating thickness, while the signals of the secondary organic molecules comprising the shell varied proportionally to the shell volume. We also found that the EESI sensitivity exhibited a strong size dependence, with an increase in sensitivity by 1-3 orders of magnitude as particle size decreased from 300 to 30nm. This dependence varied with the electrospray (ES) droplet size, the particle size and the residence time for coagulation in the EESI inlet, suggesting that the EESI sensitivity was influenced by the coagulation coefficient between particles and ES droplets. Overall, our results indicate that, in the EESI, particles are fully extracted by the ES droplets regardless of the chemical composition, when they are collected by the ES droplets. However, their coalescence is not complete and depends strongly on their size. This size dependence is especially relevant when EESI is used to probe size-varying particles as is the case in aerosol formation and growth studies with size ranges below 100nm. © 2021 The Author(s)