155 research outputs found

    The saga of dyssynchrony imaging: Are we getting to the point

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    Cardiac resynchronisation therapy (CRT) has an established role in the management of patients with heart failure, reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF < 35%) and widened QRS (>130 msec). Despite the complex pathophysiology of left ventricular (LV) dyssynchrony and the increasing evidence supporting the identification of specific electromechanical substrates that are associated with a higher probability of CRT response, the assessment of LVEF is the only imaging-derived parameter used for the selection of CRT candidates.This review aims to (1) provide an overview of the evolution of cardiac imaging for the assessment of LV dyssynchrony and its role in the selection of patients undergoing CRT; (2) highlight the main pitfalls and advantages of the application of cardiac imaging for the assessment of LV dyssynchrony; (3) provide some perspectives for clinical application and future research in this field.Conclusionthe road for a more individualized approach to resynchronization therapy delivery is open and imaging might provide important input beyond the assessment of LVEF

    Exploring the role of discourse in marketing and consumer research

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    This paper reviews the development of discourse‐based analysis in marketing and consumer research and outlines the application of various forms of discourse analysis (DA) as an approach. The paper locates this development alongside broader disciplinary movements and restates the potential for critical DA (CDA) in marketing and consumer behaviour research. We argue that discourse‐based approaches have considerable potential and application particularly in terms of supporting disciplinary reflexivity and research criticality. A discursive lens offers novel ways of understanding marketing as a subject/discipline as well as how marketing academics conceive and investigate objects of marketing inquiry. The objectives of this paper are fourfold: to outline the development of discourse and text‐based studies in marketing and consumer research; to reveal how this has shaped, framed and limited the application and utilisation of DA in particular ways; to synthesise the main principles of DA generally and CDA specifically; and highlight how these approaches could be applied to a range of marketing and consumer behaviour issues and contexts. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

    Enantiomeric Natural Products: Occurrence and Biogenesis

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    In nature, chiral natural products are usually produced in optically pure form—however, occasionally both enantiomers are formed. These enantiomeric natural products can arise from a single species or from different genera and/or species. Extensive research has been carried out over the years in an attempt to understand the biogenesis of naturally occurring enantiomers; however, many fascinating puzzles and stereochemical anomalies still remain. Two sides to the story : The formation of enantiomerically opposite natural products by nature is known, although rare (see examples). To date, many puzzles and stereochemical anomalies remain regarding the biogenesis of these unique natural products, despite the substantial body of research that has been carried out over the years in an attempt to understand the biogenesis of enantiomeric metabolites.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/92098/1/4802_ftp.pd

    Enantiomere Naturstoffe: Vorkommen und Biogenese

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    In der Natur werden chirale Substanzen meist in enantiomerenreiner Form synthetisiert – manchmal entstehen aber auch beide Enantiomere. Solche enantiomeren Naturstoffe können von einer Art oder von verschiedenen Gattungen und/oder Arten gebildet werden. Intensive Forschungen wurden ĂŒber viele Jahre durchgefĂŒhrt, um die Biogenese natĂŒrlich vorkommender Enantiomere zu verstehen, doch viele faszinierende RĂ€tsel und stereochemische Anomalien sind nach wie vor ungelöst. Bild und Spiegelbild in der Natur: Die Bildung von natĂŒrlich vorkommenden Enantiomerenpaaren ist bekannt, wenn auch selten (siehe Beispiel). Bis heute sind noch viele RĂ€tsel und stereochemische Anomalien bei der Biogenese dieser einmaligen Naturstoffe ungelöst, auch wenn im Laufe der Jahre viel Arbeit investiert worden ist, um die Entstehung enantiomerer Metaboliten zu verstehen.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/91315/1/4886_ftp.pd

    Self-regulated learning in young children : Influence of flexibility and metacognition on goal and strategy

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    L’objectif de cette thĂšse est de contribuer Ă  la comprĂ©hension de l’influence du fonctionnement exĂ©cutif et de la mĂ©tacognition sur l’autorĂ©gulation des apprentissages chez le jeune enfant. Nous avons ciblĂ© les deux premiĂšres Ă©tapes de l’autorĂ©gulation -fixation du but et engagement stratĂ©gique- car elles sont particuliĂšrement difficiles pour de jeunes enfants. Leurs capacitĂ©s cognitives de prise en compte des indices dans l’environnement sont en plein dĂ©veloppement, ce qui ne leur permet pas encore de prendre pleinement conscience de tous les aspects d’une situation. Des travaux rĂ©cents suggĂšrent qu’entraĂźner de jeunes enfants Ă  utiliser des stratĂ©gies cognitives spĂ©cifiques est une piste prometteuse pour favoriser la fixation du but (Lucenet & Blaye, 2019). Les stratĂ©gies sont en effet au cƓur de l’autorĂ©gulation et leur Ă©tude peut contribuer Ă  mieux comprendre le dĂ©veloppement de celle-ci (Clerc, 2013). Le modĂšle COPES (Winne, 1997) avait dĂ©jĂ  mis en Ă©vidence l’importance des expĂ©riences et des stratĂ©gies pour favoriser un apprentissage autorĂ©gulĂ©. Plus rĂ©cemment, le modĂšle MASRL (Efklides, 2011) a mis l’accent sur les performances des Ă©lĂšves pendant l'exĂ©cution d’une tĂąche, en envisageant les processus par lesquels l’autorĂ©gulation s'amĂ©liore avec le dĂ©veloppement. Enfin, selon Diamond (2016), l’efficacitĂ© du fonctionnement exĂ©cutif dĂ©pend des trois fonctions exĂ©cutives fondamentales. Elles constituent la part cognitive de l’autorĂ©gulation et connaissent des trajectoires dĂ©veloppementales diffĂ©rentes. Nous nous sommes focalisĂ©s sur la flexibilitĂ©, dĂ©finie comme la capacitĂ© d'adapter nos pensĂ©es et nos comportements en rĂ©ponse aux changements de buts ou d’environnement (Blakey et al., 2016). Elle pourrait ĂȘtre impliquĂ©e dans la fixation d’un but, le but Ă©tant par nature changeant car rĂ©guliĂšrement rĂ©Ă©valuĂ© pendant l’exĂ©cution d’une tĂąche.Nous avons conduit trois Ă©tudes. La premiĂšre Ă©value le rĂŽle jouĂ© par la flexibilitĂ© et la mĂ©tacognition sur la capacitĂ© de 106 enfants de 4 ans Ă  s’adapter aux changements de l’environnement pendant la rĂ©alisation d’un puzzle. Nous avons testĂ© si l’ajout d’une contrainte annoncĂ©e les poussait Ă  modifier leur but, comparativement Ă  l’ajout d’une contrainte non annoncĂ©e. Un outil ludique et original a Ă©tĂ© spĂ©cifiquement crĂ©Ă© pour mesurer le choix de but. La deuxiĂšme Ă©tude en est un prolongement. Nous avons testĂ© l’effet d’un entraĂźnement Ă  l’utilisation de deux stratĂ©gies d’auto-identification des indices d’une tĂąche (pointage, verbalisation) sur la fixation de buts et sur le recours aux deux stratĂ©gies en question chez 58 enfants de 4 ans. Nous avons testĂ© si la flexibilitĂ©, le fonctionnement exĂ©cutif global et la mĂ©tacognition peuvent impacter la fixation du but et le recours aux stratĂ©gies, notamment dans une tĂąche de transfert. A nouveau, un matĂ©riel familier Ă  forte validitĂ© Ă©cologique a Ă©tĂ© crĂ©Ă© (Jeux de tri de cartes indicĂ©es et Planches de pointage). La troisiĂšme Ă©tude, composĂ©e de deux expĂ©riences de nature transversale, s’est intĂ©ressĂ©e plus spĂ©cifiquement au transfert de stratĂ©gies. Nous avons testĂ© l’implication de la flexibilitĂ© sur la capacitĂ© de 140 enfants de 5 Ă  7 ans Ă  transfĂ©rer une stratĂ©gie mnĂ©sique (autorĂ©pĂ©tition, groupement catĂ©goriel Ă  l’encodage et au rappel) ainsi que sur l’effet bĂ©nĂ©fique de cette stratĂ©gie sur le rappel en tĂąche de transfert. Ces trois Ă©tudes ont permis d’éclairer plus finement les relations spĂ©cifiques entre trois concepts fondamentaux pour les apprentissages chez de jeunes enfants. Nous avons pu montrer l’implication de la flexibilitĂ© et de la mĂ©tacognition dans la fixation des buts et dans le transfert de stratĂ©gie aprĂšs entraĂźnement. Nous avons aussi pu prĂ©ciser les liens qui les unissent : la flexibilitĂ© et le fonctionnement exĂ©cutif prĂ©disent la mĂ©tacognition chez les enfants de 4 ans rencontrĂ©s. Nous considĂ©rons ainsi ces deux fonctions comme des prĂ©curseurs de l’autorĂ©gulation des apprentissages chez le jeune enfant.The objective of this thesis is to contribute to the understanding of the influence of executive functioning and metacognition on the self-regulated learning in kindergarten students. We have more particularly sought to account for the first two stages of self-regulation: goal setting and strategic engagement in the activity. These two stages are particularly difficult to take in young children. In the latter, the cognitive abilities to take into account cues in the environment are still developing which does not yet allow them to become fully aware of all aspects of a situation. Recent works suggest that training young children to use specific cognitive strategies is a promising avenue for promoting goal setting (Lucenet & Blaye, 2019). Cognitive strategies are indeed at the heart of self-regulation and their study can help to better understand its development (Boekaerts & Corno, 2005 ; Clerc, 2013). The COPES model (Winne,1997) had already highlighted the importance of experiences and strategies to promote self-regulated learning. More recently, the MASRL model (Efklides, 2011) has focused on student performance during task performance, including considering the processes by which self-regulation improves with development. Finally, according to the model of Diamond (2016), the efficiency of executive functioning depends on the three fundamental executive functions. These constitute the cognitive part of self-regulation and have different developmental trajectories. We focused on cognitive flexibility, defined as the ability to adapt our thoughts and behaviors in response to changes in our goals or our environment (Blakey, Visser & Carroll, 2016). Cognitive flexibility might be more particularly involved in goal setting, the goal being by nature changing as it is regularly reassessed during the execution of the task. We have conducted three studies. The first of a longitudinal nature assesses the role played by cognitive flexibility and metacognition on the ability of 106 children aged 4 to adapt to changes in the environment while completing a puzzle. We tested whether adding an advertised constraint (predictable change) caused them to change their goal compared to adding an unannounced constraint (unpredictable change). A ludic and original tool has been specifically created to measure the goal choice. The second study is an extension of the first one. We tested the effect of group training in the use of two self-cueing strategies (pointing, labeling) on goal setting and use of two strategies in question in 58 4-year-old children. We tested whether flexibility, overall executive functioning, and metacognition could impact goal setting and the use of two strategies, especially in a transference task. This time again, we used familiar material with strong ecological validity, a dimension that seems essential to the target audience. We created specific tools (cued cards sorting games and pointing boards). The third study composed of two cross-disciplinary experiences, was more specifically focused on the transfer of strategies. We tested the effect of cognitive flexibility on the ability of 140 children aged 5 to 7 to transfer a memory strategy (rehearsal sorting, clustering), as well as on the beneficial effect of this strategy on recall in transfer task.These three studies have shed more light on the specific relationships between three fundamental concepts for learning in young children. We were able to show the involvement of cognitive flexibility and metacognition in goal setting and post-training strategy transfer. We were also able to specify the links that unite them, i.e. flexibility and executive functioning predict metacognition, as far as the children of this study, aged 4 to 5, where concerned. We therefore consider these two functions as precursors of self-regulation of learning in young children

    Autorégulation des apprentissage chez le jeune enfant : Influence de la Flexibilité et de la Métacognition sur les buts et stratégies

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    The objective of this thesis is to contribute to the understanding of the influence of executive functioning and metacognition on the self-regulated learning in kindergarten students. We have more particularly sought to account for the first two stages of self-regulation: goal setting and strategic engagement in the activity. These two stages are particularly difficult to take in young children. In the latter, the cognitive abilities to take into account cues in the environment are still developing which does not yet allow them to become fully aware of all aspects of a situation. Recent works suggest that training young children to use specific cognitive strategies is a promising avenue for promoting goal setting (Lucenet & Blaye, 2019). Cognitive strategies are indeed at the heart of self-regulation and their study can help to better understand its development (Boekaerts & Corno, 2005 ; Clerc, 2013). The COPES model (Winne,1997) had already highlighted the importance of experiences and strategies to promote self-regulated learning. More recently, the MASRL model (Efklides, 2011) has focused on student performance during task performance, including considering the processes by which self-regulation improves with development. Finally, according to the model of Diamond (2016), the efficiency of executive functioning depends on the three fundamental executive functions. These constitute the cognitive part of self-regulation and have different developmental trajectories. We focused on cognitive flexibility, defined as the ability to adapt our thoughts and behaviors in response to changes in our goals or our environment (Blakey, Visser & Carroll, 2016). Cognitive flexibility might be more particularly involved in goal setting, the goal being by nature changing as it is regularly reassessed during the execution of the task. We have conducted three studies. The first of a longitudinal nature assesses the role played by cognitive flexibility and metacognition on the ability of 106 children aged 4 to adapt to changes in the environment while completing a puzzle. We tested whether adding an advertised constraint (predictable change) caused them to change their goal compared to adding an unannounced constraint (unpredictable change). A ludic and original tool has been specifically created to measure the goal choice. The second study is an extension of the first one. We tested the effect of group training in the use of two self-cueing strategies (pointing, labeling) on goal setting and use of two strategies in question in 58 4-year-old children. We tested whether flexibility, overall executive functioning, and metacognition could impact goal setting and the use of two strategies, especially in a transference task. This time again, we used familiar material with strong ecological validity, a dimension that seems essential to the target audience. We created specific tools (cued cards sorting games and pointing boards). The third study composed of two cross-disciplinary experiences, was more specifically focused on the transfer of strategies. We tested the effect of cognitive flexibility on the ability of 140 children aged 5 to 7 to transfer a memory strategy (rehearsal sorting, clustering), as well as on the beneficial effect of this strategy on recall in transfer task.These three studies have shed more light on the specific relationships between three fundamental concepts for learning in young children. We were able to show the involvement of cognitive flexibility and metacognition in goal setting and post-training strategy transfer. We were also able to specify the links that unite them, i.e. flexibility and executive functioning predict metacognition, as far as the children of this study, aged 4 to 5, where concerned. We therefore consider these two functions as precursors of self-regulation of learning in young children.L’objectif de cette thĂšse est de contribuer Ă  la comprĂ©hension de l’influence du fonctionnement exĂ©cutif et de la mĂ©tacognition sur l’autorĂ©gulation des apprentissages chez le jeune enfant. Nous avons ciblĂ© les deux premiĂšres Ă©tapes de l’autorĂ©gulation -fixation du but et engagement stratĂ©gique- car elles sont particuliĂšrement difficiles pour de jeunes enfants. Leurs capacitĂ©s cognitives de prise en compte des indices dans l’environnement sont en plein dĂ©veloppement, ce qui ne leur permet pas encore de prendre pleinement conscience de tous les aspects d’une situation. Des travaux rĂ©cents suggĂšrent qu’entraĂźner de jeunes enfants Ă  utiliser des stratĂ©gies cognitives spĂ©cifiques est une piste prometteuse pour favoriser la fixation du but (Lucenet & Blaye, 2019). Les stratĂ©gies sont en effet au cƓur de l’autorĂ©gulation et leur Ă©tude peut contribuer Ă  mieux comprendre le dĂ©veloppement de celle-ci (Clerc, 2013). Le modĂšle COPES (Winne, 1997) avait dĂ©jĂ  mis en Ă©vidence l’importance des expĂ©riences et des stratĂ©gies pour favoriser un apprentissage autorĂ©gulĂ©. Plus rĂ©cemment, le modĂšle MASRL (Efklides, 2011) a mis l’accent sur les performances des Ă©lĂšves pendant l'exĂ©cution d’une tĂąche, en envisageant les processus par lesquels l’autorĂ©gulation s'amĂ©liore avec le dĂ©veloppement. Enfin, selon Diamond (2016), l’efficacitĂ© du fonctionnement exĂ©cutif dĂ©pend des trois fonctions exĂ©cutives fondamentales. Elles constituent la part cognitive de l’autorĂ©gulation et connaissent des trajectoires dĂ©veloppementales diffĂ©rentes. Nous nous sommes focalisĂ©s sur la flexibilitĂ©, dĂ©finie comme la capacitĂ© d'adapter nos pensĂ©es et nos comportements en rĂ©ponse aux changements de buts ou d’environnement (Blakey et al., 2016). Elle pourrait ĂȘtre impliquĂ©e dans la fixation d’un but, le but Ă©tant par nature changeant car rĂ©guliĂšrement rĂ©Ă©valuĂ© pendant l’exĂ©cution d’une tĂąche.Nous avons conduit trois Ă©tudes. La premiĂšre Ă©value le rĂŽle jouĂ© par la flexibilitĂ© et la mĂ©tacognition sur la capacitĂ© de 106 enfants de 4 ans Ă  s’adapter aux changements de l’environnement pendant la rĂ©alisation d’un puzzle. Nous avons testĂ© si l’ajout d’une contrainte annoncĂ©e les poussait Ă  modifier leur but, comparativement Ă  l’ajout d’une contrainte non annoncĂ©e. Un outil ludique et original a Ă©tĂ© spĂ©cifiquement crĂ©Ă© pour mesurer le choix de but. La deuxiĂšme Ă©tude en est un prolongement. Nous avons testĂ© l’effet d’un entraĂźnement Ă  l’utilisation de deux stratĂ©gies d’auto-identification des indices d’une tĂąche (pointage, verbalisation) sur la fixation de buts et sur le recours aux deux stratĂ©gies en question chez 58 enfants de 4 ans. Nous avons testĂ© si la flexibilitĂ©, le fonctionnement exĂ©cutif global et la mĂ©tacognition peuvent impacter la fixation du but et le recours aux stratĂ©gies, notamment dans une tĂąche de transfert. A nouveau, un matĂ©riel familier Ă  forte validitĂ© Ă©cologique a Ă©tĂ© crĂ©Ă© (Jeux de tri de cartes indicĂ©es et Planches de pointage). La troisiĂšme Ă©tude, composĂ©e de deux expĂ©riences de nature transversale, s’est intĂ©ressĂ©e plus spĂ©cifiquement au transfert de stratĂ©gies. Nous avons testĂ© l’implication de la flexibilitĂ© sur la capacitĂ© de 140 enfants de 5 Ă  7 ans Ă  transfĂ©rer une stratĂ©gie mnĂ©sique (autorĂ©pĂ©tition, groupement catĂ©goriel Ă  l’encodage et au rappel) ainsi que sur l’effet bĂ©nĂ©fique de cette stratĂ©gie sur le rappel en tĂąche de transfert. Ces trois Ă©tudes ont permis d’éclairer plus finement les relations spĂ©cifiques entre trois concepts fondamentaux pour les apprentissages chez de jeunes enfants. Nous avons pu montrer l’implication de la flexibilitĂ© et de la mĂ©tacognition dans la fixation des buts et dans le transfert de stratĂ©gie aprĂšs entraĂźnement. Nous avons aussi pu prĂ©ciser les liens qui les unissent : la flexibilitĂ© et le fonctionnement exĂ©cutif prĂ©disent la mĂ©tacognition chez les enfants de 4 ans rencontrĂ©s. Nous considĂ©rons ainsi ces deux fonctions comme des prĂ©curseurs de l’autorĂ©gulation des apprentissages chez le jeune enfant
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