55 research outputs found
An Empirical Study of Bots in Software Development -- Characteristics and Challenges from a Practitioner's Perspective
Software engineering bots - automated tools that handle tedious tasks - are
increasingly used by industrial and open source projects to improve developer
productivity. Current research in this area is held back by a lack of consensus
of what software engineering bots (DevBots) actually are, what characteristics
distinguish them from other tools, and what benefits and challenges are
associated with DevBot usage. In this paper we report on a mixed-method
empirical study of DevBot usage in industrial practice. We report on findings
from interviewing 21 and surveying a total of 111 developers. We identify three
different personas among DevBot users (focusing on autonomy, chat interfaces,
and "smartness"), each with different definitions of what a DevBot is, why
developers use them, and what they struggle with. We conclude that future
DevBot research should situate their work within our framework, to clearly
identify what type of bot the work targets, and what advantages practitioners
can expect. Further, we find that there currently is a lack of general purpose
"smart" bots that go beyond simple automation tools or chat interfaces. This is
problematic, as we have seen that such bots, if available, can have a
transformative effect on the projects that use them.Comment: To be published at the ACM Joint European Software Engineering
Conference and Symposium on the Foundations of Software Engineering
(ESEC/FSE
Facing the Challenge of Data Transfer from Animal Models to Humans: the Case of Persistent Organohalogens
A well-documented fact for a group of persistent, bioaccumulating organohalogens contaminants, namely polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), is that appropriate regulation was delayed, on average, up to 50 years. Some of the delay may be attributed to the fact that the science of toxicology was in its infancy when PCBs were introduced in 1920's. Nevertheless, even following the development of modern toxicology this story repeats itself 45 years later with polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) another compound of concern for public health. The question is why? One possible explanation may be the low coherence between experimental studies of toxic effects in animal models and human studies. To explore this further, we reviewed a total of 807 PubMed abstracts and full texts reporting studies of toxic effects of PCB and PBDE in animal models. Our analysis documents that human epidemiological studies of PBDE stand to gain little from animal studies due to the following: 1) the significant delay between the commercialisation of a substance and studies with animal models; 2) experimental exposure levels in animals are several orders of magnitude higher than exposures in the general human population; 3) the limited set of evidence-based endocrine endpoints; 4) the traditional testing sequence (adult animals – neonates – foetuses) postpones investigation of the critical developmental stages; 5) limited number of animal species with human-like toxicokinetics, physiology of development and pregnancy; 6) lack of suitable experimental outcomes for the purpose of epidemiological studies. Our comparison of published PCB and PBDE studies underscore an important shortcoming: history has, unfortunately, repeated itself. Broadening the crosstalk between the various branches of toxicology should therefore accelerate accumulation of data to enable timely and appropriate regulatory action
Fungal Planet description sheets: 1284–1382
Novel species of fungi described in this study include those from various countries as follows: Antartica, Cladosporium austrolitorale from coastal sea sand. Australia, Austroboletus yourkae on soil, Crepidotus innuopurpureus on dead wood, Curvularia stenotaphri from roots and leaves of Stenotaphrum secundatum and Thecaphora stajsicii from capsules of Oxalis radicosa. Belgium, Paraxerochrysium coryli (incl. Paraxerochrysium gen. nov.) from Corylus avellana. Brazil, Calvatia nordestina on soil, Didymella tabebuiicola from leaf spots on Tabebuia aurea, Fusarium subflagellisporum from hypertrophied floral and vegetative branches of Mangifera indica and Microdochium maculosum from living leaves of Digitaria insularis. Canada, Cuphophyllus bondii fromagrassland. Croatia, Mollisia inferiseptata from a rotten Laurus nobilis trunk. Cyprus, Amanita exilis oncalcareoussoil. Czech Republic, Cytospora hippophaicola from wood of symptomatic Vaccinium corymbosum. Denmark, Lasiosphaeria deviata on pieces of wood and herbaceousdebris. Dominican Republic, Calocybella goethei among grass on a lawn. France (Corsica) , Inocybe corsica onwetground. France (French Guiana) , Trechispora patawaensis on decayed branch of unknown angiosperm tree and Trechispora subregularis on decayed log of unknown angiosperm tree. Germany, Paramicrothecium sambuci (incl. Paramicrothecium gen. nov.)ondeadstemsof Sambucus nigra. India, Aureobasidium microtermitis from the gut of a Microtermes sp. termite, Laccaria diospyricola on soil and Phylloporia tamilnadensis on branches of Catunaregam spinosa. Iran, Pythium serotinoosporum from soil under Prunus dulcis. Italy, Pluteus brunneovenosus on twigs of broad leaved trees on the ground. Japan, Heterophoma rehmanniae on leaves of Rehmannia glutinosa f. hueichingensis. Kazakhstan, Murispora kazachstanica from healthy roots of Triticum aestivum. Namibia, Caespitomonium euphorbiae (incl. Caespitomonium gen. nov.)from stems of an Euphorbia sp. Netherlands, Alfaria junci, Myrmecridium junci, Myrmecridium juncicola, Myrmecridium juncigenum, Ophioceras junci, Paradinemasporium junci (incl. Paradinemasporium gen. nov.), Phialoseptomonium junci, Sporidesmiella juncicola, Xenopyricularia junci and Zaanenomyces quadripartis (incl. Zaanenomyces gen. nov.), fromdeadculmsof Juncus effusus, Cylindromonium everniae and Rhodoveronaea everniae from Evernia prunastri, Cyphellophora sambuci and Myrmecridium sambuci from Sambucus nigra, Kiflimonium junci, Saro cladium junci, Zaanenomyces moderatricis academiae and Zaanenomyces versatilis from dead culms of Juncus inflexus, Microcera physciae from Physcia tenella, Myrmecridium dactylidis from dead culms of Dactylis glomerata, Neochalara spiraeae and Sporidesmium spiraeae from leaves of Spiraea japonica, Neofabraea salicina from Salix sp., Paradissoconium narthecii (incl. Paradissoconium gen. nov.)from dead leaves of Narthecium ossifragum, Polyscytalum vaccinii from Vaccinium myrtillus, Pseudosoloacrosporiella cryptomeriae (incl. Pseudosoloacrosporiella gen. nov.)fromleavesof Cryptomeria japonica, Ramularia pararhabdospora from Plantago lanceolata, Sporidesmiella pini from needles of Pinus sylvestris and Xenoacrodontium juglandis (incl. Xenoacrodontium gen. nov. and Xenoacrodontiaceae fam. nov.)from Juglans regia. New Zealand, Cryptometrion metrosideri from twigs of Metrosideros sp., Coccomyces pycnophyllocladi from dead leaves of Phyllocladus alpinus, Hypoderma aliforme from fallen leaves Fuscopora solandri and Hypoderma subiculatum from dead leaves Phormium tenax. Norway, Neodevriesia kalakoutskii from permafrost and Variabilispora viridis from driftwood of Picea abies. Portugal, Entomortierella hereditatis from abio film covering adeteriorated limestone wall. Russia, Colpoma junipericola from needles of Juniperus sabina, Entoloma cinnamomeum on soil in grasslands, Entoloma verae on soil in grasslands, Hyphodermella pallidostraminea on a dry dead branch of Actinidia sp., Lepiota sayanensis onlitterinamixedforest, Papiliotrema horticola from Malus communis , Paramacroventuria ribis (incl. Paramacroventuria gen. nov.)fromleaves of Ribes aureum and Paramyrothecium lathyri from leaves of Lathyrus tuberosus. South Africa, Harzia combreti from leaf litter of Combretum collinum ssp. sulvense, Penicillium xyleborini from Xyleborinus saxesenii , Phaeoisaria dalbergiae from bark of Dalbergia armata, Protocreopsis euphorbiae from leaf litter of Euphorbia ingens and Roigiella syzygii from twigs of Syzygium chordatum. Spain, Genea zamorana on sandy soil, Gymnopus nigrescens on Scleropodium touretii, Hesperomyces parexochomi on Parexochomus quadriplagiatus, Paraphoma variabilis from dung, Phaeococcomyces kinklidomatophilus from a blackened metal railing of an industrial warehouse and Tuber suaveolens in soil under Quercus faginea. Svalbard and Jan Mayen, Inocybe nivea associated with Salix polaris. Thailand, Biscogniauxia whalleyi oncorticatedwood. UK, Parasitella quercicola from Quercus robur. USA , Aspergillus arizonicus from indoor air in a hospital, Caeliomyces tampanus (incl. Caeliomyces gen. nov.)fromoffice dust, Cippumomyces mortalis (incl. Cippumomyces gen. nov.)fromatombstone, Cylindrium desperesense from air in a store, Tetracoccosporium pseudoaerium from air sample in house, Toxicocladosporium glendoranum from air in a brick room, Toxicocladosporium losalamitosense from air in a classroom, Valsonectria portsmouthensis from airinmen'slockerroomand Varicosporellopsis americana from sludge in a water reservoir. Vietnam, Entoloma kovalenkoi on rotten wood, Fusarium chuoi inside seed of Musa itinerans , Micropsalliota albofelina on soil in tropical evergreen mixed forest sand Phytophthora docyniae from soil and roots of Docynia indica. Morphological and culture characteristics are supported by DNA barcodes
From Sea to Sea: Canada's Three Oceans of Biodiversity
Evaluating and understanding biodiversity in marine ecosystems are both necessary and challenging for conservation. This paper compiles and summarizes current knowledge of the diversity of marine taxa in Canada's three oceans while recognizing that this compilation is incomplete and will change in the future. That Canada has the longest coastline in the world and incorporates distinctly different biogeographic provinces and ecoregions (e.g., temperate through ice-covered areas) constrains this analysis. The taxonomic groups presented here include microbes, phytoplankton, macroalgae, zooplankton, benthic infauna, fishes, and marine mammals. The minimum number of species or taxa compiled here is 15,988 for the three Canadian oceans. However, this number clearly underestimates in several ways the total number of taxa present. First, there are significant gaps in the published literature. Second, the diversity of many habitats has not been compiled for all taxonomic groups (e.g., intertidal rocky shores, deep sea), and data compilations are based on short-term, directed research programs or longer-term monitoring activities with limited spatial resolution. Third, the biodiversity of large organisms is well known, but this is not true of smaller organisms. Finally, the greatest constraint on this summary is the willingness and capacity of those who collected the data to make it available to those interested in biodiversity meta-analyses. Confirmation of identities and intercomparison of studies are also constrained by the disturbing rate of decline in the number of taxonomists and systematists specializing on marine taxa in Canada. This decline is mostly the result of retirements of current specialists and to a lack of training and employment opportunities for new ones. Considering the difficulties encountered in compiling an overview of biogeographic data and the diversity of species or taxa in Canada's three oceans, this synthesis is intended to serve as a biodiversity baseline for a new program on marine biodiversity, the Canadian Healthy Ocean Network. A major effort needs to be undertaken to establish a complete baseline of Canadian marine biodiversity of all taxonomic groups, especially if we are to understand and conserve this part of Canada's natural heritage
Fungal Planet description sheets: 1284-1382
Novel species of fungi described in this study include those from various countries as follows: Antartica, Cladosporium austrolitorale from coastal sea sand. Australia, Austroboletus yourkae on soil, Crepidotus innuopurpureus on dead wood, Curvularia stenotaphri from roots and leaves of Stenotaphrum secundatum and Thecaphora stajsicii from capsules of Oxalis radicosa. Belgium, Paraxerochrysium coryli (incl. Paraxerochrysium gen. nov.) from Corylus avellana. Brazil, Calvatia nordestina on soil, Didymella tabebuiicola from leaf spots on Tabebuia aurea, Fusarium subflagellisporum from hypertrophied floral and vegetative branches of Mangifera indica and Microdochium maculosum from living leaves of Digitaria insularis. Canada, Cuphophyllus bondii fromagrassland. Croatia, Mollisia inferiseptata from a rotten Laurus nobilis trunk. Cyprus, Amanita exilis oncalcareoussoil. Czech Republic, Cytospora hippophaicola from wood of symptomatic Vaccinium corymbosum. Denmark, Lasiosphaeria deviata on pieces of wood and herbaceousdebris. Dominican Republic, Calocybella goethei among grass on a lawn. France (Corsica) , Inocybe corsica onwetground. France (French Guiana) , Trechispora patawaensis on decayed branch of unknown angiosperm tree and Trechispora subregularis on decayed log of unknown angiosperm tree. [...]P.R. Johnston thanks J. Sullivan (Lincoln University)
for the habitat image of Kowai Bush, Duckchul Park (Manaaki Whenua –
Landcare Research) for the DNA sequencing, and the New Zealand Department
of Conservation for permission to collect the specimens; this research
was supported through the Manaaki Whenua – Landcare Research Biota
Portfolio with funding from the Science and Innovation Group of the New
Zealand Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment. V. Hubka was
supported by the Czech Ministry of Health (grant number NU21-05-00681),
and is grateful for the support from the Japan Society for the Promotion of
Science – grant-in-aid for JSPS research fellow (grant no. 20F20772).
K. Glässnerová was supported by the Charles University Grant Agency (grant
No. GAUK 140520). J. Trovão and colleagues were financed by FEDERFundo
Europeu de Desenvolvimento Regional funds through the COMPETE
2020 – Operational Programme for Competitiveness and Internationalisation
(POCI), and by Portuguese funds through FCT – Fundação para a Ciência
e a Tecnologia in the framework of the project POCI-01-0145-FEDER-PTDC/
EPH-PAT/3345/2014. This work was carried out at the R&D Unit Centre for
Functional Ecology – Science for People and the Planet (CFE), with reference
UIDB/04004/2020, financed by FCT/MCTES through national funds
(PIDDAC). J. Trovão was also supported by POCH – Programa Operacional
Capital Humano (co-funding by the European Social Fund and national
funding by MCTES), through a ‘FCT – Fundação para a Ciência e
Tecnologia’ PhD research grant (SFRH/BD/132523/2017). D. Haelewaters
acknowledges support from the Research Foundation – Flanders (Junior
Postdoctoral Fellowship 1206620N). M. Loizides and colleagues are grateful
to Y. Cherniavsky for contributing collections AB A12-058-1 and AB A12-
058-2, and Á. Kovács and B. Kiss for their help with molecular studies of
these specimens. C. Zmuda is thanked for assisting with the collection of
ladybird specimens infected with Hesperomyces parexochomi. A.V. Kachalkin
and colleagues were supported by the Russian Science Foundation
(grant No. 19-74-10002). The study of A.M. Glushakova was carried out as
part of the Scientific Project of the State Order of the Government of Russian
Federation to Lomonosov Moscow State University No. 121040800174-6.
S. Nanu acknowledges the Kerala State Council for Science, Technology
and Environment (KSCSTE) for granting a research fellowship and is grateful
to the Chief Conservator of Forests and Wildlife for giving permission to
collect fungal samples. A. Bañares and colleagues thank L. Monje and
A. Pueblas of the Department of Drawing and Scientific Photography at the
University of Alcalá for their help in the digital preparation of the photographs,
and J. Rejos, curator of the AH herbarium for his assistance with the specimens
examined in the present study. The research of V. Antonín received
institutional support for long-term conceptual development of research institutions
provided by the Ministry of Culture (Moravian Museum, ref.
MK000094862). The studies of E.F. Malysheva, V.F. Malysheva, O.V. Morozova,
and S.V. Volobuev were carried out within the framework of a research
project of the Komarov Botanical Institute RAS, St Petersburg, Russia
(АААА-А18-118022090078-2) using equipment of its Core Facility Centre
‘Cell and Molecular Technologies in Plant Science’.The study of A.V. Alexandrova
was carried out as part of the Scientific Project of the State Order
of the Government of Russian Federation to Lomonosov Moscow State
University No. 121032300081-7. The Kits van Waveren Foundation (Rijksherbariumfonds
Dr E. Kits van Waveren, Leiden, Netherlands) contributed
substantially to the costs of sequencing and travelling expenses for
M.E. Noordeloos. The work of B. Dima was partly supported by the ÚNKP-
20-4 New National Excellence Program of the Ministry for Innovation and
Technology from the source of the National Research, Development and
Innovation Fund. The work of L. Nagy was supported by the ‘Momentum’
program of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences (contract No. LP2019-
13/2019 to L.G.N.). G.A. Kochkina and colleagues acknowledge N. Demidov
for the background photograph, and N. Suzina for the SEM photomicrograph.
The research of C.M. Visagie and W.J. Nel was supported by the National
Research Foundation grant no 118924 and SFH170610239162. C. Gil-Durán
acknowledges Agencia Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo, Ministerio
de Ciencia, Tecnología, Conocimiento e Innovación, Gobierno de Chile, for
grant ANID – Fondecyt de Postdoctorado 2021 – N° 3210135. R. Chávez
and G. Levicán thank DICYT-USACH and acknowledges the grants INACH
RG_03-14 and INACH RT_31-16 from the Chilean Antarctic Institute, respectively.
S. Tiwari and A. Baghela would like to acknowledge R. Avchar
and K. Balasubramanian from the Agharkar Research Institute, Pune, Maharashtra
for helping with the termite collection. S. Tiwari is also thankful to
the University Grants Commission, Delhi (India) for a junior research fellowship
(827/(CSIR-UGC NET DEC.2017)). R. Lebeuf and I. Saar thank D. and
H. Spencer for collecting
and photographing the holotype of C. bondii, and
R. Smith for photographing the habitat. A. Voitk is thanked for helping with
the colour plate and review of the manuscript, and the Foray Newfoundland
and Labrador for providing the paratype material. I. Saar was supported by
the Estonian Research Council (grant PRG1170) and the European Regional
Development Fund (Centre of Excellence EcolChange). M.P.S. Câmara
acknowledges the ‘Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico
e Tecnológico – CNPq’ for the research productivity fellowship, and financial
support (Universal number 408724/2018-8). W.A.S. Vieira acknowledges
the ‘Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento Pessoal de Ensino Superior – CAPES’
and the ‘Programa Nacional de Pós-Doutorado/CAPES – PNPD/CAPES’ for
the postdoctoral fellowship. A.G.G. Amaral acknowledges CNPq, and
A.F. Lima and I.G. Duarte acknowledge CAPES for the doctorate fellowships.
F. Esteve-Raventós and colleagues were financially supported by FEDER/
Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades – Agencia Estatal de Investigación
(Spain)/ Project CGL2017-86540-P. The authors would like to
thank L. Hugot and N. Suberbielle (Conservatoire Botanique National de
Corse, Office de l’Environnement de la Corse, Corti) for their help. The research
of E. Larsson is supported by The Swedish Taxonomy Initiative, SLU
Artdatabanken, Uppsala. Financial support was provided to R.J. Ferreira by
the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq),
and to I.G. Baseia, P.S.M. Lúcio and M.P. Martín by the National Council for
Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq) under CNPq-Universal
2016 (409960/2016-0) and CNPq-visiting researcher (407474/2013-7).
J. Cabero and colleagues wish to acknowledge A. Rodríguez for his help to
describe Genea zamorana, as well as H. Hernández for sharing information
about the vegetation of the type locality. S. McMullan-Fisher and colleagues
acknowledge K. Syme (assistance with illustrations), J. Kellermann (translations),
M. Barrett (collection, images and sequences), T. Lohmeyer (collection
and images) and N. Karunajeewa (for prompt accessioning). This research
was supported through funding from Australian Biological Resources Study
grant (TTC217-06) to the Royal Botanic Gardens Victoria. The research of
M. Spetik and co-authors was supported by project No. CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0
/16_017/0002334. N. Wangsawat and colleagues were partially supported
by NRCT and the Royal Golden Jubilee Ph.D. programme, grant number
PHD/0218/2559. They are thankful to M. Kamsook for the photograph of the
Phu Khiao Wildlife Sanctuary and P. Thamvithayakorn for phylogenetic illustrations.
The study by N.T. Tran and colleagues was funded by Hort Innovation
(Grant TU19000). They also thank the turf growers who supported
their surveys and specimen collection. N. Matočec, I. Kušan, A. Pošta,
Z. Tkalčec and A. Mešić thank the Croatian Science Foundation for their
financial support under the project grant HRZZ-IP-2018-01-1736 (ForFungiDNA).
A. Pošta thanks the Croatian Science Foundation for their support
under the grant HRZZ-2018-09-7081. A. Morte is grateful to Fundación
Séneca – Agencia de Ciencia y Tecnología de la Región de Murcia (20866/
PI/18) for financial support. The research of G. Akhmetova, G.M. Kovács,
B. Dima and D.G. Knapp was supported by the National Research, Development
and Innovation Office, Hungary (NKFIH KH-130401 and K-139026),
the ELTE Thematic Excellence Program 2020 supported by the National
Research, Development and Innovation Office (TKP2020-IKA-05) and the
Stipendium Hungaricum Programme. The support of the János Bolyai Research
Scholarship of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences and the Bolyai+
New National Excellence Program of the Ministry for Innovation and Technology
to D.G. Knapp is highly appreciated. F.E. Guard and colleagues are
grateful to the traditional owners, the Jirrbal and Warungu people, as well
as L. and P. Hales, Reserve Managers, of the Yourka Bush Heritage Reserve.
Their generosity, guidance, and the opportunity to explore the Bush Heritage
Reserve on the Einasleigh Uplands in far north Queensland is greatly appreciated.
The National Science Foundation (USA) provided funds
(DBI#1828479) to the New York Botanical Garden for a scanning electron
microscope used for imaging the spores. V. Papp was supported by the
ÚNKP-21-5 New National Excellence Program of the Ministry for Innovation
and Technology from the National Research, Development and Innovation
Fund of Hungary. A.N. Miller thanks the WM Keck Center at the University
of Illinois Urbana – Champaign for sequencing Lasiosphaeria deviata.
J. Pawłowska acknowledges support form National Science Centre, Poland
(grant Opus 13 no 2017/25/B/NZ8/00473). The research of T.S. Bulgakov
was carried out as part of the State Research Task of the Subtropical Scientific
Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Theme No. 0492-2021-
0007). K. Bensch (Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Utrecht) is thanked
for correcting the spelling of various Latin epithets.Peer reviewe
Hygrophorus sect. Olivaceoumbrini: new boundaries, extended biogeography and unexpected diversity unravelled by transatlantic studies
International audienceAs currently delineated, Hygrophorus sect. Olivaceoumbrini is a polyphyletic assembly within subg. Colorati , encompassing glutinous and pigmented taxa. According to available literature, between a dozen and twenty species may belong in the section, mostly represented in continental and boreal forests of Europe and North America. However, the limited phylogenetic and biogeographic coverage of the genus does not presently allow for a reliable assessment of its taxonomic boundaries, nor does it provide a complete picture of species diversity within sect. Olivaceoumbrini . In an ongoing effort to confer an evolutionary backbone to Hygrophorus systematics, we assembled and analysed a dataset comprising 268 intercontinental sequences, including holotypes of 7 taxa previously not positioned phylogenetically, and enriched with collections from largely unexplored Mediterranean and Anatolian ecosystems. Overall, 30 clades are identified within 5 distinct lineages, including 11 species putatively new to science. Seven of these are formally described here as H. agathosmoides , H. albofloccosus , H. canadensis , H. limosus , H. marcocontui , H. pinophilus and H. pustulatoides spp. nov. This enriched coverage of section Olivaceoumbrini s.lat. calls for a re-evaluation of its natural boundaries into a core monophyletic clade, including H. olivaceoalbus and five closely related lookalikes, as well as the assignment of the section rank to the four remaining lineages: sect. Fuscocinerei sect. nov., sect. Limacini sect. nov., sect. Nudolidi sect. nov. and sect. Tephroleuci , respectively. We also stabilize the usage of six historical names, H. glutinifer , H. hyacinthinus , H. mesotephrus , H. olivaceoalbus , H. pustulatus and H. tephroleucus , through designation of two neotypes, three lectotypes and four epitypes
Self-reported nonmusculoskeletal responses to chiropractic intervention: A multination survey
OBJECTIVE - To replicate a previous study of nonmusculoskeletal responses to chiropractic intervention and to establish whether such responses are influenced by the country of study, chiropractors' attitudes, and information to patients, patients' demographic profiles, and treatment regimens. METHODS - Information obtained through questionnaires by chiropractors and patients on return visit within 2 weeks of previous treatment from chiropractic practices in Canada, United States, Mexico, Hong-Kong, Japan, Australia, and South Africa. In all, 385 chiropractors collected valid data on 5607 patients. Spinal manipulation with or without additional therapy was the intervention provided by chiropractors. Outcome measures included self-reported improved nonmusculoskeletal reactions (allergy, asthma, breathing, circulation, digestion, hearing, heart function, ringing in the ears, sinus problems, urination, and others). RESULTS - The results from the previous study were largely reproduced. Positive reactions were reported by 2% to 10% of all patients and by 3% to 27% of those who reported to have such problems. Most common were improved breathing (27%), digestion (26%), and circulation (21%). Some variables were identified that somewhat influenced the outcome: patients informed that such reactions may occur (odds ratio [OR] 1.5), treatment to the upper cervical spine (OR 1.4), treatment to lower thoracic spine (OR 1.3), and female sex (OR 1.3). However, these had a very small "explanatory" value (pseudo R-2 3%). CONCLUSION - A minority of patients with self-reported nonmusculoskeletal symptoms report definite improvement after chiropractic care, and very few report definite worsening. Future studies should use stringent criteria to investigate a possible treatment effect and concentrate on specific diagnostic subgroups such as digestive problems and tinnitus
Total Synthesis of ()-Crinine via the Regioselective Stille Coupling and Diels-Alder Reaction of 3,5-Dibromo-2-pyrone
- …