Finishing the euchromatic sequence of the human genome

The sequence of the human genome encodes the genetic instructions for human physiology, as well as rich information about human evolution. In 2001, the International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium reported a draft sequence of the euchromatic portion of the human genome. Since then, the international collaboration has worked to convert this draft into a genome sequence with high accuracy and nearly complete coverage. Here, we report the result of this finishing process. The current genome sequence (Build 35) contains 2.85 billion nucleotides interrupted by only 341 gaps. It covers ∼99% of the euchromatic genome and is accurate to an error rate of ∼1 event per 100,000 bases. Many of the remaining euchromatic gaps are associated with segmental duplications and will require focused work with new methods. The near-complete sequence, the first for a vertebrate, greatly improves the precision of biological analyses of the human genome including studies of gene number, birth and death. Notably, the human enome seems to encode only 20,000-25,000 protein-coding genes. The genome sequence reported here should serve as a firm foundation for biomedical research in the decades ahead

Developing and utilizing visual tools to assist pork producers in employee training in the evaluation of sow body condition

The article describes development of a bilingual poster to assists pig producers in classifying body condition scores (BCS) in sows. Sows of the lowest body condition score were purchased, fed for 96 days, and photographed as each sow incrementally increased to the maximum BCS of 5. Pictures from two sows of each BCS of 1 through 5 were professionally arranged on a poster and published in a nationally distributed swine magazine. The poster was designed to assist producers in employee training at the farm level. Similar posters could be developed to improve selection and/or management skills in other livestock species

Overview of the characteristics for the pork farms visited in this study.

*<p>NA  =  Not available.</p

Summary of the <i>spa</i> types and motifs from MRSA isolates found in this study overall and by source of isolation.

<p>Summary of the <i>spa</i> types and motifs from MRSA isolates found in this study overall and by source of isolation.</p

Most prevalent antimicrobial resistant profiles found in MRSA isolates and associated <i>spa</i> types.

<p>CHL  =  chlortetracycline, CLI  =  clindamycin, ENR  =  enrofloxacin, FLO  =  florfenicol, GEN  =  gentamicin, NEO  =  neomycin, OXY  =  oxytetracycline, SPE  =  spectinomycin, TIA  =  tiamulin, TIL  =  tilmicosin.</p

Combined results of environmental, pig, and veterinary student testing from MRSA-positive pork production sites.

a<p>Number of MRSA-positive samples/number of samples collected. ^bNumber of MRSA-positive students/number of students exposed. ^c<i>Spa</i> type t126 was isolated from a student 5 days following exposure to MRSA-positive site. ^dThree <i>spa</i> types (t002, t548, t1107) from same student.</p

Antimicrobial resistance of MRSA isolates from pork farms and students.

<p>Number of isolates tested in parenthesis. Significantly different antimicrobial results across <i>spa</i> types indicated with asterisk (*).</p

Antimicrobial resistance of MRSA isolates from pork farms and students by ST398 status.

<p>t034 considered ST398-associated and t002/t548 considered non-ST398-associated. Number of isolates tested in parenthesis. Significantly different antimicrobial results by <i>spa</i> types indicated with asterisk (*).</p