Spatio-temporal analysis of childhood vaccine uptake in Nigeria : a hierarchical Bayesian Zero-inflated Poisson approach

Funding Information: The authors are grateful to ICF Macro, USA, for granting the authors the request to use the Demographic and Health Survey data. Publisher Copyright: © 2023, BioMed Central Ltd., part of Springer Nature.Peer reviewedPublisher PD

TREATMENTS OF BIODIESEL WASHING WATER

The main objective of this study was to produce biodiesel from palm kernel oil and to purify the biodiesel washing water generated through adsorption, acidification, coagulation and filtration treatment processes. Removal efficiencies of these treatment processes were investigated by analysing biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), pH, conductivity, total dissolved solids (TDS) and elements present in the biodiesel washing water (before and after treatments). The results of the trans-esterification process showed that the highest biodiesel yield of 87.6% was obtained at a reaction time of 65 minutes and methanol to oil mole ratio of 6:1.The overall removal efficiencies obtained using the stated water treatment processes were 65% (BOD), 38% (COD), 75% (TDS) and 94%(conductivity).The treated washing water met the waste water discharge standards of FEPA. Hence, adsorption, acidification, coagulation and filtration, were effective in treating biodiesel washing water

Factors Associated with Treatment Success among Pulmonary Tuberculosis and HIV Co-infected Patients in Oyo State, South West-Nigeria

Background The co-existence of Tuberculosis (TB) and Human immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is  known to increase morbidity and mortality in patients. The determinants of treatment success in TBHIV co-infection are not yet well studied. Such information can help optimise treatment and reduce morbidity and mortality.Objective To determine factors associated with antitubercular treatment success among TB I HIV coinfected patients.Methods A cross sectional study was carried out in fifty  three DOT clinics and treatment centres  using tuberculosis patient's records from January 2009 to December 2010 in Oyo state, Nigeria. The study population consisted of 7905 tuberculosis patients. Information on variables of interest were obtained with the use of data extraction forms. Chi-square and logistic regression were used to test the relationship between TB I HIV coinfection and socio-demographic variables, clinical characteristics and treatment success.Results Prevalence ofTB I HIV co-infection was found to be 14.2%. Patients with TB-HIV co-infection  were younger and more likely to be females. There were statistically significant association between treatment success and gender, marital status and patient point of care. After adjusting for other variables, it was found that patients receiving treatment in private facilities were independently less likely to be successfully treated compared with those receiving care in Public facilities. Female patients were also independently more likely to have better treatment outcome than male.Conclusion In addition to patients' point of care, gender of the patients can adversely impact on their treatment success. Efforts from the government to strengthening the private public mix, health education and media awareness on adherence to treatment to improve treatment success should be intensified in the country.Keywords: Tube rc ulosis; Human immunodeficiency virus, Directly observe therapy short-course;  Treatment success, Coinfection

Determinants of Kangaroo Mother Care among low-birth-weight infants in low resource settings.

Kangaroo Mother Care involves direct contact between a baby's bare skin and a caregiver, typically the mother. It has many benefits for both baby and caregiver and is often used to regulate body temperature, promote breastfeeding, enhance growth, and bonding. This study aims to explore factors associated with Kangaroo Mother Care uptake in low-resource countries for babies born with low-birth-weight. Demographic and Health Survey data from 34 low- and middle- income countries were analyzed. Cross-sectional data of 57,223 children were pooled and analyzed. Hierarchical multivariable analysis was performed to determine the factors associated with skin-to-skin contact. Statistical significance was set to 5%. The prevalence of Kangaroo Mother Care ranged from 11.04% to 84.36%; highest in Benin (84.36%), Tajikistan (80.88%), and Uganda (80.86%) and lowest in Burundi (11.04%), Bangladesh (16.58%), and Pakistan (19.24%). Higher odds of Kangaroo Mother Care were estimated among low-birth-weight infants who were put to breast immediately, had low-birth-weight (≥1.5kg), born through normal delivery, born at health facility, those whose mothers were exposed to media, had high antenatal care visits, had formal education, and in the younger age bracket. Also, women living in communities with high illiteracy, countries in the lower-middle income region had higher odds of Kangaroo Mother Care. Women domiciled in Europe and Central Asia, Sub-Saharan Africa, Latin America and The Caribbeans, and East Asia and Pacific had lower odds of Kangaroo Mother Care. This study found a low uptake of Kangaroo Mother Care in countries with limited resources, which is a concerning issue that requires urgent attention. Increasing awareness, education, and support for mothers and families to practice Kangaroo Mother Care, as well as training healthcare practitioners, can lead to better outcomes for newborns and reduce neonatal death

Spatio-temporal analysis of childhood vaccine uptake in Nigeria: a hierarchical Bayesian Zero-inflated Poisson approach

Abstract Background Globally, child mortality and morbidity remain a serious health challenge and infectious diseases are the leading causes. The use of count models together with spatial analysis of the number of doses of childhood vaccines taken is limited in the literature. We used a Bayesian zero-inflated Poisson regression model with spatio-temporal components to assess the number of doses of childhood vaccines taken among children aged 12–23 months and their associated factors. Methods Data of 19,564 children from 2003, 2008, 2013 and 2018 population-based cross-sectional Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey were used. The childhood vaccines include one dose of Bacillus-Calmette-Guérin; three doses of Diphtheria-Pertussis-Tetanus; three doses of Polio and one dose of Measles. Uptake of all nine vaccines was regarded as full vaccination. We examined the multilevel factors associated with the number of doses of childhood vaccines taken using descriptive, bivariable and multivariable Bayesian models. Analysis was conducted in Stata version 16 and R statistical packages, and visualization in ArcGIS. Results The prevalence of full vaccination was 6.5% in 2003, 14.8% in 2008, 21.8% in 2013 and 23.3% in 2018. Full vaccination coverage ranged from 1.7% in Sokoto to 51.9% in Anambra. Factors associated with the number of doses of childhood vaccines taken include maternal age (adjusted Incidence “risk” Ratio (aIRR) = 1.05; 95% Credible Interval (CrI) = 1.03–1.07) for 25–34 years and (aIRR = 1.07; 95% CrI = 1.05–1.10) for 35–49 years and education: (aIRR = 1.11, 95% CrI = 1.09–1.14) for primary and (aIRR = 1.16; 95% CrI = 1.13–1.19) for secondary/tertiary education. Other significant factors are wealth status, antenatal care attendance, working status, use of skilled birth attendants, religion, mother’s desire for the child, community poverty rate, community illiteracy, and community unemployment. Conclusion Although full vaccination has remained low, there have been improvements over the years with wide disparities across the states. Improving the uptake of vaccines by educating women on the benefits of hospital delivery and vaccines through radio jingles and posters should be embraced, and state-specific efforts should be made to address inequality in access to routine vaccination in Nigeria

Depression and anxiety during the COVID-19 pandemic

The COVID-19 pandemic, just like other infectious disease outbreaks, is associated with adverse psychological and mental outcomes including depression and anxiety. Prior investigations observed that the prevalence of depressive symptoms in the United States was almost 4 times more during the COVID-19 pandemic (27.8%) than before the pandemic (8.5%) while the prevalence of anxiety among US adults was three times higher during the pandemic (30.8%) than in 2019 (8.2%). Many countries have also experienced a similar prevalence of depressive symptoms and anxiety during the pandemic. Therefore, this study explored the level and impact of depression and anxiety caused by the COVID-19 pandemic and investigated the risk factors while highlighting adequate management and coping strategies needed to curb the global increase of depression and anxiety associated with the pandemic especially on a certain group of people with underlying health conditions, older adults and caregivers

Comparative study on the use of Moringa oleifera as natural coagulant and aluminium sulphate in restaurant wastewater treatment

The enormous amount of wastewater generated by restaurants often require some level of treatment before disposal. This is partly achieved by using synthetic coagulants with its attendant environmental risk. This study is aimed at investigating the use of Aluminium Sulphate (AS) and Moringa oleifera (MO) for treating restaurant wastewater (RW). Different doses (0, 50, 100, and 150 mg/l) of the prepared stock solution of AS and MO were applied to 1000 ml of RW collected from a University restaurant. The result showed that the treated sample pH reduced from 7.55 to 6.86 and 7.0 at an optimum dose of 150 and 50 ml for AS and MO while conductivity increased from 1.03 to 2.22 mg/l and 1.74 mg/l for AS and MO, respectively. Turbidity reduced from 44.73 mg/l to 5.20 mg/l for MO and 5.77 mg/l for AS; dissolved oxygen increased from 0.35 to 0.51 mg/l and 0.70 mg/l for MO and AS; Magnesium reduced from 21.11 to 14.77 mg/l for MO, but increased to 29.07 mg/l for AS; Zinc increased from 1.19 to 6.15 mg/l for MO and 7.10 mg/l for AS, while Calcium increased from 2.02 mg/l to 5.09 mg/l for MO, and 3.09 mg/l for AS. The MO seed extract achieved a better reduction of pH and turbidity at higher dose while no distinct trend was observed in all the parameters when AS was applied. Doses of MO seed extract can be further optimized and applied as a low cost option for RW treatment

Bio-Waste as an Enhancement Additive for Nano-Flux Powder in Welding- An Overview

Oxyacetylene welding is quite a novel technique of connecting metals with each other that was developed to address the drawbacks of other welding techniques. The use of chemical compounds known as fluxes in the welding process does this, resulting in improved weld characteristics and increased weld depth. Recently, the use of agro-wastes as alternate fluxes has received keen interest from researchers. This is partly because agro-wastes recycling facilitates cleaner environments and could be cheaper. In this study, a critical review was carried out on some particular types and properties of welding. The review also considers the assessments carried out on welded joints and the use of agro-waste