The Theory of Brown Dwarfs and Extrasolar Giant Planets

Straddling the traditional realms of the planets and the stars, objects below the edge of the main sequence have such unique properties, and are being discovered in such quantities, that one can rightly claim that a new field at the interface of planetary science and and astronomy is being born. In this review, we explore the essential elements of the theory of brown dwarfs and giant planets, as well as of the new spectroscopic classes L and T. To this end, we describe their evolution, spectra, atmospheric compositions, chemistry, physics, and nuclear phases and explain the basic systematics of substellar-mass objects across three orders of magnitude in both mass and age and a factor of 30 in effective temperature. Moreover, we discuss the distinctive features of those extrasolar giant planets that are irradiated by a central primary, in particular their reflection spectra, albedos, and transits. Aspects of the latest theory of Jupiter and Saturn are also presented. Throughout, we highlight the effects of condensates, clouds, molecular abundances, and molecular/atomic opacities in brown dwarf and giant planet atmospheres and summarize the resulting spectral diagnostics. Where possible, the theory is put in its current observational context.Comment: 67 pages (including 36 figures), RMP RevTeX LaTeX, accepted for publication in the Reviews of Modern Physics. 30 figures are color. Most of the figures are in GIF format to reduce the overall size. The full version with figures can also be found at: http://jupiter.as.arizona.edu/~burrows/papers/rm

The Botryosphaeriaceae: genera and species known from culture

In this paper we give an account of the genera and species in the Botryosphaeriaceae. We consider morphological characters alone as inadequate to define genera or identify species, given the confusion it has repeatedly introduced in the past, their variation during development, and inevitable overlap as representation grows. Thus it seems likely that all of the older taxa linked to the Botryosphaeriaceae, and for which cultures or DNA sequence data are not available, cannot be linked to the species in this family that are known from culture. Such older taxa will have to be disregarded for future use unless they are epitypified. We therefore focus this paper on the 17 genera that can now be recognised phylogenetically, which concentrates on the species that are presently known from culture. Included is a historical overview of the family, the morphological features that define the genera and species and detailed descriptions of the 17 genera and 110 species. Keys to the genera and species are also provided. Phylogenetic relationships of the genera are given in a multi-locus tree based on combined SSU, ITS, LSU, EF1-α and β-tubulin sequences. The morphological descriptions are supplemented by phylogenetic trees (ITS alone or ITS + EF1-α) for the species in each genus.We would like to thank the curators of the numerous fungaria and Biological Resource Centres cited in this paper, for making specimens and cultures available for examination over the past 15 yr, without which this study would not have been possible. Part of this work was supported by Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (Portugal) through grant PEst-OE/BIA/UI0457/2011. Artur Alves and Alan Phillips were supported by the programme Ciência 2008, co-funded by the Human Potential Operational Programme (National Strategic Reference Framework 2007–2013) and the European Social Fund (EU).publishe

Dimethyl fumarate in patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19 (RECOVERY): a randomised, controlled, open-label, platform trial

Dimethyl fumarate (DMF) inhibits inflammasome-mediated inflammation and has been proposed as a treatment for patients hospitalised with COVID-19. This randomised, controlled, open-label platform trial (Randomised Evaluation of COVID-19 Therapy [RECOVERY]), is assessing multiple treatments in patients hospitalised for COVID-19 (NCT04381936, ISRCTN50189673). In this assessment of DMF performed at 27 UK hospitals, adults were randomly allocated (1:1) to either usual standard of care alone or usual standard of care plus DMF. The primary outcome was clinical status on day 5 measured on a seven-point ordinal scale. Secondary outcomes were time to sustained improvement in clinical status, time to discharge, day 5 peripheral blood oxygenation, day 5 C-reactive protein, and improvement in day 10 clinical status. Between 2 March 2021 and 18 November 2021, 713 patients were enroled in the DMF evaluation, of whom 356 were randomly allocated to receive usual care plus DMF, and 357 to usual care alone. 95% of patients received corticosteroids as part of routine care. There was no evidence of a beneficial effect of DMF on clinical status at day 5 (common odds ratio of unfavourable outcome 1.12; 95% CI 0.86-1.47; p = 0.40). There was no significant effect of DMF on any secondary outcome

Fungal Planet description sheets: 281–319

Novel species of fungi described in the present study include the following from South Africa: Alanphillipsia aloeicola from Aloe sp., Arxiella dolichandrae from Dolichandra unguiscati, Ganoderma austroafricanum from Jacaranda mimosifolia, Phacidiella podocarpi and Phaeosphaeria podocarpi from Podocarpus latifolius, Phyllosticta mimusopisicola from Mimusops zeyheri and Sphaerulina pelargonii from Pelargonium sp. Furthermore, Barssia maroccana is described from Cedrus atlantica (Morocco), Codinaea pini from Pinus patula (Uganda), Crucellisporiopsis marquesiae from Marquesia acuminata (Zambia), Dinemasporium ipomoeae from Ipomoea pes-caprae (Vietnam), Diaporthe phragmitis from Phragmites australis (China), Marasmius vladimirii from leaf litter (India), Melanconium hedericola from Hedera helix (Spain), Pluteus albotomentosus and Pluteus extremiorientalis from a mixed forest (Russia), Rachicladosporium eucalypti from Eucalyptus globulus (Ethiopia), Sistotrema epiphyllum from dead leaves of Fagus sylvatica in a forest (The Netherlands), Stagonospora chrysopyla from Scirpus microcarpus (USA) and Trichomerium dioscoreae from Dioscorea sp. (Japan). Novel species from Australia include: Corynespora endiandrae from Endiandra introrsa, Gonatophragmium triuniae from Triunia youngiana, Penicillium coccotrypicola from Archontophoenix cunninghamiana and Phytophthora moyootj from soil. Novelties from Iran include Neocamarosporium chichastianum from soil and Seimatosporium pistaciae from Pistacia vera, Xenosonderhenia eucalypti and Zasmidium eucalyptigenum are newly described from Eucalyptus urophylla in Indonesia. Diaporthe acaciarum and Roussoella acacia are newly described from Acacia tortilis in Tanzania. New species from Italy include Comoclathris spartii from Spartium junceum and Phoma tamaricicola from Tamarix gallica. Novel genera include (Ascomycetes): Acremoniopsis from forest soil and Collarina from water sediments (Spain), Phellinocrescentia from a Phellinus sp. (French Guiana), Neobambusicola from Strelitzia nicolai (South Africa), Neocladophialophora from Quercus robur (Germany), Neophysalospora from Cotymbia henryi (Mozambique) and Xenophaeosphaeria from Grewia sp. (Tanzania). Morphological and culture characteristics along with ITS DNA barcodes are provided for all taxa

FLOW+RIFT _ New Archaeological Museum at Kato Paphos

Στη συγκεκριμένη διπλωματική εργασία επιχειρείται να δοθεί ένας σχεδιασμός σε ολόκληρο το αρχαιολογικό πάρκο της Κ. Πάφου με τη μορφή στρατηγικού σχεδίου (masterplan) και με βάση αυτό, σχεδιάζεται το Νέο Αρχαιολογικό Μουσείο για το συγκεκριμένο πάρκο. Η κεντρική συνθετική ιδέα στηρίζεται σε μια εγκάρσια πορεία η οποία έχει αφετηρία την πόλη, διασχίζει το πάρκο και καταλήγει στη θάλασσα με μια απόληξη σε μορφή μπαλκονιού. Πάνω σε αυτή την εγκάρσια πορεία (ροή), τοποθετείται το Νέο Αρχαιολογικό Μουσείο του χώρου το οποίο ακολουθεί την γραμμικότητα της ροής. Το μουσείο στηρίζεται πάνω σε δύο προδιαγραφές. Η πρώτη είναι ότι πρέπει να ίπταται ώστε να μπορέσει να σεβαστεί οποιαδήποτε καινούρια ευρήματα είναι πιθανόν να βρεθούν κάτω από αυτό. Η δεύτερη έχει να κάνει με τη σχέση του κτιρίου σε σχέση με την κλίμακα της πόλης. Επειδή πρόκειται για ένα πολύ μεγάλο κτίριο, περίπου 6000 τ.μ., εφαρμόζεται η τεχνική της ρηγμάτωσης μέσα στην ροή, εκμεταλλευόμενος την υψομετρική διαφορά που δημιουργεί ένας λόφος ο οποίος βρίσκεται μέσα στο αρχαιολογικό πάρκο. Έτσι το κτίριο ίπταται, αλλά την ίδια ώρα κρύβεται μέσα σε ένα ρήγμα ώστε να μπορεί να συνδιαλέγεται αρμονικά με την πόλη και το αρχαιολογικό πάρκο.The diploma thesis project tries to redesign the archaeological park of Kato Paphos at Cyprus as a masterplan and designs also the New Archaeological Museum for the park, based on the masterplan. The main idea is based on a transverse direction which begins from the town, goes across the park and finishes near to the limits of the sea. The New Archaeological Museum is placed on this transverse path (flow) and follows its linearity. The museum relies on two specifications. The first one is that it must be soaring so it can be able to face cases of new findings under it. The second is the relation of the building comparing to the scale of the building environment of town. The building program requires a huge museum close to 6000 sq.m. In this case it is applied the technique of a rift into the flow, taking advantage of the height difference created by a hill which is located inside the archaeological park. So the same time, the building can "fly" while it can be hidden in a rift and can converse in harmony with the city and the archaeological park.Ανδρέας Γ. Κυριάκο