49 research outputs found
The Category of Node-and-Choice Forms, with Subcategories for Choice-Sequence Forms and Choice-Set Forms
The literature specifies extensive-form games in many styles, and eventually
I hope to formally translate games across those styles. Toward that end, this
paper defines , the category of node-and-choice forms. The
category's objects are extensive forms in essentially any style, and the
category's isomorphisms are made to accord with the literature's small handful
of ad hoc style equivalences.
Further, this paper develops two full subcategories: for
forms whose nodes are choice-sequences, and for forms whose
nodes are choice-sets. I show that is "isomorphically enclosed"
in in the sense that each form is isomorphic to
a form. Similarly, I show that is
isomorphically enclosed in in the sense that each
form with no-absentmindedness is isomorphic to a
form. The converses are found to be almost immediate, and the
resulting equivalences unify and simplify two ad hoc style equivalences in
Kline and Luckraz 2016 and Streufert 2019.
Aside from the larger agenda, this paper already makes three practical
contributions. Style equivalences are made easier to derive by [1] a natural
concept of isomorphic invariance and [2] the composability of isomorphic
enclosures. In addition, [3] some new consequences of equivalence are
systematically deduced.Comment: 43 pages, 9 figure
Clinical Recommendations of the Northwest Society for Enteral and Parenteral Nutrition, Interregional Association for Emergency Surgery, Russian Gastroenterological Association, Union of Rehabilitation Therapists of Russia and Russian Transplantation Society on Diagnosis and Treatment of Short Bowel Syndrome-Associated Intestinal Failure in Adults
Aim. Current clinical recommendations address the epidemiology, causes, clinical manifestations and pathogenesis of possible immediate and long-term complications, as well as the problematic issues related to treatment and rehabilitation of adult short bowel syndrome patients.Key points. Short bowel syndrome (SBS) is a symptom complex of impaired digestion caused by the reduction of small intestine absorptive surface and manifested by intestinal failure (IF) of various severity (maldigestion and malabsorption) developing into malnutrition and systemic somatogenic disorders. The vital strategic aspects of its treatment are the personalisation of liquid, macro- and micronutrients consumption as well as avoidance of intestinal failure- and parenteral nutrition-associated complications. Various nutritional support regimes and the indications for infusion therapy and maintenance parenteral nutrition are considered in this patient category, also in outpatient settings. To mitigate the dependence on intravenous fluid- and nutrient administration and attain enteral autonomy in SBS-IF patients, the use of recombinant glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2) is justified as exerting a pronounced trophic effect on the epithelial regenerative potential as well as structural and functional adaptation of intestinal mucosa. The SBS-IF patients prescribed with home parenteral nutrition and/or their caregivers should be trained in a special programme that covers the catheter care, preparation of infusion solutions and nutrient mixture container, infusion pump operation as well as the prevention, recognition and management of complications. The main referral indications for small bowel transplantation (SBT) are: fast-progressing cholestatic liver disease-complicated irreversible intestinal failure; thrombosis of two or more central venous conduits used for parenteral nutrition; recurrent catheter-associated bloodstream infection.Conclusion. Current recommendations on diagnosis and treatment as well as the developed criteria of medical aid quality assessment are applicable at different levels of healthcare
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An evaluation of a multicomponent treatment program involving scheduled smoking and relapse prevention procedures: Initial findings
In the current study, 34 smokers were treated in a smoking cessation program that involved either a scheduled smoking procedure, or a minimal contact self-help treatment control. The interval smoking program consisted of baseline, cessation, and relapse prevention phases. During baseline, subjects self-monitored smoking and the total hours spent awake. During a 3-week cessation period, the scheduled smoking group progressively increased their intercigarette interval, thereby gradually reducing their total daily intake of nicotine. Smokers were expected to quit on a target date set at the end of this period. Cognitive behavioral interventions and relapse prevention training consisted of behavioral rehearsal of nonsmoking skills in a relapse prone environment. Control subjects were given the American Cancer Society “I Quit Kit”, and provided subsequent discussion of its use. The results showed that 53% and 41% of the scheduled smoking group was abstinent at the 6- and 12-month follow-up points, respectively. Controls averaged only 6% for the same periods. Scheduled smoking may be a useful addition to a multicomponent treatment program and further study appears warranted to determine the saliency of the treatment features
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The effects of smoking on the mood, cardiovascular and adrenergic reactivity of heavy and light smokers in a non-stressful environment
Following a period of overnight deprivation, 58 smokers participated in a 90-min laboratory assessment in which they viewed a non-stressful movie and smoked two 0.5-mg nicotine-containing cigarettes. The first cigarette was given to all subjects following 25 min of adaptation and baseline. The next cigarette was provided at their request, which occurred 9–12 min later. “Heavy” and “light” smokers were grouped according to their average morning cotinine values, which fell above or below 250 ng/ml, respectively. The results showed that, relative to their baseline, heavy and light smokers experienced about the same level of post-smoking change in blood nicotine, heart rate and blood pressure. However, heavy smokers showed a significantly greater delta from baseline in post-smoking measures of epinephrine, norepinephrine, tension reduction and increase in vigor enhancement. A strong and consistent correlation was observed between post-smoking increases in epinephrine, tension reduction and increased vigor
Confinement of the charged microparticles by alternating electric fields in a gas flow
This paper presents the simulation and experimental results of charged microparticles dynamics in electrodynamic traps in a gas flow at atmospheric pressure. For the first time the capture and confinement of charged microparticles in a linear Paul trap has been experimentally confirmed at atmospheric pressure in gas flows. The regions of the microparticle, linear Paul trap and gas flow parameters needed for microparticle confinement have been obtained and experimentally tested
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Nicotine regulation among heavy and light smokers in a non-stressful environment
The purpose of this study was to assess nicotine regulation among “heavy” and “light” smokers. Previous studies supporting the nicotine regulation model of smoking behavior have suggested that smokers compensate for a reduction in the amount of nicotine available in their cigarette by altering smoking frequency, puff volume, or other aspects of smoking topography. However, little is known about a smoker's decision to smoke a specific cigarette, and the concurrent changes in their blood nicotine. Manipulation of nicotine levels in the blood could play a critical role in smoking maintenance, by regulating the extent and quality of the CNS effects of smoking. In this study, 24 heavy and light smokers (cotinine above or below 260
ng
ml
) smoked high- (1.0 mg) or low- (0.5 mg) dose nicotine cigarettes while watching non-stressful movies. Blood nicotine was assessed before and after smoking a preload and free operant cigarette. The results showed that blood nicotine levels after smoking the free operant cigarette were significantly more consistent (lower standard error) for the heavy smokers, following a low dose, as opposed to a high-dose preload. Light smokers showed a non-significant trend towards being more consistent when the high-dose nicotine preload was used. This suggests that heavy smokers may have maximized their dose of nicotine whenever available nicotine was in relatively short supply (low dose condition). However, light smokers may have minimized their exposure when available nicotine was relatively more plentiful (high dose condition)