Relative chronology of Martian volcanoes

Impact cratering is one of the major geological processes that has affected the Martian surface throughout the planet's history. The frequency of craters within particular size ranges provides information about the formation ages and obliterative episodes of Martian geologic units. The Barlow chronology was extended by measuring small craters on the volcanoes and a number of standard terrain units. Inclusions of smaller craters in units previously analyzed by Barlow allowed for a more direct comparison between the size-frequency distribution data for volcanoes and established chronology. During this study, 11,486 craters were mapped and identified in the 1.5 to 8 km diameter range in selected regions of Mars. The results are summarized in this three page report and give a more precise estimate of the relative chronology of the Martian volcanoes. Also, the results of this study lend further support to the increasing evidence that volcanism has been a dominant geologic force throughout Martian history

Potential landing sites for Mars Pathfinder

In addition to a better understanding of the geological evolution of Mars, new techniques for processing available data have emerged, new data have been acquired, and the engineering approaches for placing spacecraft on the surface have evolved. Selection of the Mars Pathfinder landing site must take these issues into account, along with mission constraints. An advantage of Mars Pathfinder is the rover for sampling surface materials over a range of tens of meters. However, engineering constraints and the limited scientific payload of this mission require new approaches for landing site selection. One approach is to select sites exhibiting a wide variety of rocks near the lander. An alternative approach is to select sites in which the regional geology consists of a single rock type representing a key datum for the geological study of Mars, and is uniformly distributed within the landing ellipse

Mars Analog Site Study (MASS)

Many proposed missions to Mars involve landing vehicles, including the Mars 94/96 (Russia), Mars Environmental Survey (MESUR, US), and the Marsnet (ESA) missions. Most landers involve in situ measurements of rock and soil compositions, study of local geology by imaging, and establishment of seismic and meteorological networks. The selection of landing sites on Mars is a complex process that must meet engineering constraints and scientific objectives, using available and anticipated data. The goal of the MASS project is to conduct an 'end-to-end' test of the site selection process using Earth analogs

Axis I and II disorders as long-term predictors of mental distress: a six-year prospective follow-up of substance-dependent patients

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>A high prevalence of lifetime psychiatric disorders among help-seeking substance abusers has been clearly established. However, the long-term course of psychiatric disorders and mental distress among help-seeking substance abusers is still unclear. The aim of this research was to examine the course of mental distress using a six-year follow-up study of treatment-seeking substance-dependent patients, and to explore whether lifetime Axis I and II disorders measured at admission predict the level of mental distress at follow-up, when age, sex, and substance-use variables measured both at baseline and at follow-up are controlled for. </p> <p>Methods</p> <p>A consecutive sample of substance dependent in- and outpatients (n = 287) from two counties of Norway were assessed at baseline (T1) with the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (Axis I), Millon's Clinical Multiaxial Inventory (Axis II), and the Hopkins Symptom Checklist (HSCL-25 (mental distress)). At follow-up (T2), 48% (137/287 subjects, 29% women) were assessed with the HSCL-25, the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test, and the Drug Use Disorders Identification Test. </p> <p>Results</p> <p>The stability of mental distress is a main finding and the level of mental distress remained high after six years, but was significantly lower among abstainers at T2, especially among female abstainers. Both the number of and specific lifetime Axis I disorders (social anxiety disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, and somatization disorder), the number of and specific Axis II disorders (anxious and impulsive personality disorders), and the severity of substance-use disorder at the index admission were all independent predictors of a high level of mental distress at follow-up, even when we controlled for age, sex, and substance use at follow-up.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>These results underscore the importance of diagnosing and treating both substance-use disorder and non-substance-use disorder Axis I and Axis II disorders in the same programme.</p

Nomad rover field experiment, Atacama desert, Chile 2. Identification of paleolife evidence using a robotic vehicle: Lessons and recommendations for a Mars sample return mission

This is the publisher's version, also available electronically from "http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com".During the Nomad Rover Field Experiment in the Atacama Desert (Chile), a potential fossil was identified in a boulder by the science team remotely located at NASA Ames Research Center, California. The science team requested the collecting of the boulder that was returned for laboratory analysis. This analysis confirmed the evidence of paleolife. As the first fossil identified and sampled by a remotely located science team using a rover, we use the case of sample I-250697 to describe the process, both in the field and later in the laboratory during the rock analysis, which led to the identification, characterization, and confirmation of the evidence of paleolife evidence in I-250697. We point out the lessons that this case provides for future Mars sample return missions

PENGGUNAAN MODEL PEMBELAJARAN AKTIF TEAM QUIZ DALAM MENINGKATKAN KEMAMPUAN MEMBACA PEMAHAMAN BAHASA JEPANG

Penelitian ini mengambil judul “penggunaan model pembelajaran aktif team quiz dalam meningkatkan kemampuan membaca pemahaman bahasa Jepang” . membaca pemahaman adalah memahami suatu informasi dari sebuah tulisan. membaca pemahaman merupakan salah satu pembelajaran yang sulit. Disebabkan karena metode yang digunakan oleh pengajar monoton dan kurang memotivasi siswa dalam pembelajaran membaca pemahaman. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui bagaimana penggunaan model pembelajaran aktif team quiz dalam meningkatkan kemampuan membaca pemahaman bahasa Jepang. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode quasi eksperiment dengan one group before-after (pretest dan posttest) design. Sampel dalam penelitian ini adalah siswa kelas XI Bahasa SMA Negeri 1 Parongpong tahun ajaran 2015/2016. Instrument penelitiannya adalah tes dan angket. Berdasarkan analisis data dengan perhitungan statistic yang menggunakan t hitung diketahui bahwa t hitung > t tabel maka Ho ditolak dan Hk diterima yang dapat disimpulkan bahwa penggunaan model pembelajaran aktif team quiz dalam meningkatkan kemampuan membaca pemahaman bahasa jepang efektif. Sedangkan hasil analisis data angket diketahui bahwa penggunaan model pembelajaran aktif team quiz dalam meningkatkan kemampuan membaca pemahaman bahasa Jepang mendapat respon positif dari siswa. ; Reading comprehension is the act of understanding information from a presented text. It is one of difficulties found in learning. It caused by monotonous method conducted by teacher and in turn, students have less motivation on learning reading comprehension. This research aims for how the Team Quiz active learning method can improve reading comprehension in Japanese. The quasi-experiment method with “one group before-after (pretest and posttest)” design is conducted in this research, by taking XI language students from 2015/2016 academic year of SMA Negeri 1 Parongpong as sample. Test and questionnaire is instrument used in this research. According to data analysis with statistical calculation using t count, noting that t count > t table, therefore Ho is rejected and Hk is accepted. To conclude, Team Quiz active learning method is effective in improving reading comprehension in Japanese. Moreover, according to data analysis conducted in questionnaire, the Team Quiz active learning method gains positive responses from students

Impact of comorbid psychiatric disorders on the outcome of substance abusers: a six year prospective follow-up in two Norwegian counties

BACKGROUND: Most help-seeking substance abusers have comorbid psychiatric disorders. The importance of such disorders for the long-term course of substance abuse is, however, still unclear. The aim of this paper is to describe six-year outcomes regarding death and relapse among alcoholics and poly-substance abusers and to analyse the predictive value of lifetime psychiatric disorders on relapse. METHODS: A consecutive sample of substance-dependent patients who received treatment in two counties in Norway (n = 287) was followed up after approximately six years. Information on socio-demographics, Axis I (CIDI) and II disorders (MCMI-II) and mental distress (HSCL-25) was gathered at baseline. At follow-up, detailed information regarding socio-demographics, use of substances (AUDIT and DUDIT) and mental distress (HSCL-25) was recorded (response rate: 63%). RESULTS: At six-year follow-up, 11% had died, most often male alcoholics (18%). Among the surviving patients, 70% had drug or alcohol related problems the year prior to follow-up. These patients were, classified as "relapsers". There were no significant differences in the relapse rate between women and men and among poly-substance abusers and alcoholics. The relapsers had an earlier onset of a substance use disorder, and more frequently major depression and agoraphobia. Multivariate analysis indicated that both psychiatric disorders (major depression) and substance use factors (early onset of a substance use disorder) were independent predictors of relapse. CONCLUSION: For reducing the risk of long-term relapse, assessment and treatment of major depression (and agoraphobia) are important. In addition, we are in need of a comprehensive treatment and rehabilitation program that also focuses on the addictive behaviour

Psychometric Properties of the Drug Use Disorders Identification Test (DUDIT) in Heroin Dependent Adults and Adolescents with Drug Use Disorder

Objective:The aim of the present study was to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Drug Use Disorders Identification Test (DUDIT), developed to screen individuals for drug problems, in Turkish patients with drug use disorder