TRANSPLANTASI ORGAN TUBUH MENURUT YUSUF QARDHAWI DAN MASJFUK ZUHDI

Penelitian ini bertolak dari pertanyaan, bagaimana Yusuf Qardhawi dan Masjfuk Zuhdi dalam menanggapi masalah transplantasi organ tubuh, apa persamaan maupun perbedaannya, dan apa yang menyebabkan adanya persamaan maupun perbedaan.\ud Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui bagaimana pandangan Yusuf Qardhawi dan Masjfuk Zuhdi tentang transplantasi organ tubuh, mengetahui perbedaan dan persamaannya, serta untuk mengetahui apa penyebab timbulnya persamaan dan perbedaan diantara keduanya.\ud Dalam penelitian ini digunakan penelitian hukum normatif yang bersifat deskriptif. Teknik pengumpulan bahan hukum dilakukan dengan card system. Kemudian untuk memperoleh hasilnya dilakukan analisis kualitatif komparatif.\ud Melalui teknik analisis kualitatif komparatif yang mencakup analisis perbandingan antara Yusuf Qardhawi dan Masjfuk Zuhdi, penelitian ini menghasilkan temuan-temuan:\ud Pertama: transplantasi organ tubuh menurut Yusuf Qardhawi meliputi keadaan donor yang masih hidup dan yang sudah meninggal. Ketika donor dalam keadaan hidup hukumnya adalah boleh, dengan syarat bahwa tidak boleh mendonorkan seluruh organ dalam tubuhnya, harus orang dewasa dan berakal, dan bukan organ tubuh satu-satunya. Ketika donor yang sudah meninggal dunia boleh hukumnya, dengan syarat tidak boleh keseluruhan organ dalam tubuh dan adanya wasiat atau izin dari ahli waris. Transplantasi organ tubuh menurut Masjfuk Zuhdi meliputi keadaan donor yang masih hidup, koma, dan yang sudah meninggal. Ketika donor dalam keadaan hidup hukumnya adalah haram, begitu pula haram bagi donor dalam keadaan koma, dan boleh hukumnya bagi donor dalam keadaan sudah meninggal, dengan syarat bahwa resipen dalam keadaan darurat dan sudah berobat semaksimal mungkin, tidak akan menimbulkan komplikasi penyakit bagi resipien, tidak boleh keseluruhan organ dalam tubuh dan harus adanya wasiat. Kedua: persamaan antara mereka adalah sama-sama membagi keadaan donor dalam keadaan hidup dan yang sudah meninggal, dalam hal pengambilan dalil kaidah syara’, dan hukum dalam menentukan keadaan donor yang sudah meninggal. Ketiga: perbedaan antara mereka adalah dalam pembagian keadaan donor yaitu Masjfuk Zuhdi menambahkan donor dalam keadaan koma sedangkan Yusuf Qardhawi tidak ada, Masjfuk Zuhdi mengharamkan donor dalam keadaan hidup dan yang koma, sedangkan Yusuf Qardhawi membolehkan donor dalam keadaan hidup, dan Masjfuk Zuhdi mensyartkan wajib adanya wasiat bagi donor yang sudah meninggal, sedangkan Yusuf Qardhawi jika tidak ada wasiat maka izin dari ahli waris

Atmospheric Pollutant Flow and Precipitation: Modeling Effects on the Vegetation Ecosystem

Because of their fixed life and wide distribution, plants are the first victims of air pollution. The atmosphere is considered polluted when the increase of the rate of certain components causes harmful effects on the different constituents of the ecosystems. The study of the flow of air near a polluting source (cement plant in our case), allows to predict its impact on the surrounding plant ecosystem. Different factors are to be considered. The chemical composition of the air, the climatic conditions, and the impacted plant species are complex parameters to be analyzed using conventional mathematical methods. In this study, we propose a system based on artificial neural networks. Since artificial neural networks have the capacity to treat different complex parameters, their application in this domain is adequate. The proposed system makes it possible to match the input and output spaces. The variables that constitute the input space are the chemical composition, the concentration of the latter in the rainwater, their duration of deposition on the leaves and stems, the climatic conditions characterizing the environment, as well as the species of plant studied. The output variable expresses the rate of degradation of this species under the effect of pollution. Learning the system makes it possible to establish the transfer function and thus predict the impact of pollutants on the vegetation

Croissance et capacité réproductive de Gymnogongrus patens (J. Agardh) (Rhodophyceae, Gigartinale) de la côte atlantique marocaine

L’algue carraghénophyte Gymnogongrus patens présente une large distribution sur le littoral marocain, sa valorisation et son exploitation ont été précédées par l’étude de sa biologie en milieu naturel. Le site étudié est la plage de Méhdia situé au nord de la côte atlantique marocaine. L’influence des facteurs environnementaux (température, salinité, nitrates et phosphates) sur l’évolution de la croissance a été étudiée par d’analyse en composantes principales (ACP). La croissance de l’espèce présente une variation saisonnière, ainsi deux périodes de croissance ont été déterminées : une période de forte croissance fin printemps et été et une période de faible croissance en automne et en hiver. L’ACP a confirmé cette saisonnalité de la croissance, en précisant que le gain en poids de thalles est principalement lié à l’augmentation de nombre de ramification total. La période active de croissance est caractérisée par l’élévation de la température, de la salinité et de l’intensité lumineuse principalement. L’étude de la capacité reproductive de G. patens a permis de montrer que l’espèce est fertile toute l’année avec une dominance de la génération tétrasporophytiques. Le maximum de fertilité a été obtenu en été.Mots-clés : Gymnogongrus patens, croissance, reproduction, ACP, Maroc.Growth and reproductuive capacity of Gymnogongrus patens (Rhodophyceae, Gigartinale) on the Morccan Atlantic coastGymnogongrus patens represent an important biomass along the Atlantic coast of Morocco, the first step befor exploitation is gather information about the biology and growth of this species in naturel environment. The studied site is the beach of Mehdia located at the north of the Moroccan Atlantic Coast. The influence of environmental parametres (temperature, salinty, nitrates and phosphates) on growth has been studied using Principal Components Analysis (ACP). The monthly survey of its growth did sow seasonal variations. G. Patens has 2 periods of growth: period’s active growth at the ending of spring and summer and period’s weak growth in automn and winter. ACP showed a seaonal variation of the species growth. The active growth periods of G. Patens are characterized by important temperature and salinty and light intensities. The species was fertil almost all along the year and tetrasporophyte pahse predominated. The maximum of fertility was obtained in summer.Keywords : gymnogongrus patens, growth, reproduction, ACP, Morocco

Reliability-based criterion for evaluating explicit approximations of Colebrook equation

Numerous explicit approximations of the Colebrook equation have been developed and evaluated based on two criteria: prediction accuracy and computational efficiency. This paper introduces a new evaluation criterion based on the reliability of each equation. The reliability is defined by the coefficient of variation (CV) of the explicit friction factor that is a function of the variabilities of component random variables (roughness height of the internal pipe surface and kinematic viscosity of the fluid). The coefficient of variation of the friction factor depends on its first derivative for roughness height of the inner pipe surface and kinematic viscosity of the fluid and their correlation. Seven explicit approximations were evaluated using the new reliability-based criterion. The results show that all explicit approximations are very reliable, but variations exist regarding the reliability level. The reliabilities of the seven approximations is very close for the rough-flow regime and when the CV of the viscosity is minimal. However, for the smooth-flow regime, and when the CV of the roughness is minimal, various approximations showed substantially different reliabilities. The novelty of the proposed criterion is that it addresses an evaluation dimension that complements the accuracy and efficiency criteria.Web of Science106art. no. 80

The puzzle of self-reported weight gain in a month of fasting (Ramadan) among a cohort of Saudi families in Jeddah, Western Saudi Arabia

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>During Ramadan fast, approximately one billion Muslims abstain from food and fluid between the hours of sunrise to sunset, and usually eat a large meal after sunset and another meal before sunrise. Many studies reported good health-related outcomes of fasting including weight loss. The objective of this study is to identify the local pattern of expenditure on food consumption, dietary habits during Ramadan and correlate that to self-reported weight gain after Ramadan in a group of families in Jeddah, Western Saudi Arabia.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>A Cross-section study using a pre-designed questionnaire to identify the local pattern of expenditure on food consumption, dietary habits during Ramadan and correlate that to self-reported weight gain after Ramadan in a representative cohort of Saudis living in Jeddah. It was piloted on 173 nutrition students and administered by them to their families.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>A total of 173 Saudi families were interviewed. One out of 5 indicated that their expenditure increases during Ramadan. Approximately two thirds of the respondents (59.5%) reported weight gain after Ramadan. When asked about their perspective explanations for that: 40% attributed that to types of foods being rich in fat and carbohydrates particularly date in (Sunset meal) 97.7% and rice in (Dawn meal) 80.9%. One third (31.2%) indicated that it was due to relative lack of physical exercise in Ramadan and 14.5% referred that to increase in food consumption. Two thirds (65.2%) of those with increased expenditure reported weight gain.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Surprisingly weight gain and not weight loss was reported after Ramadan by Saudis which indicates timely needed life-style and dietary modification programs for a population which reports one of the highest prevalence rates of diabetes.</p

Dairy consumption and cardiometabolic diseases: systematic review and updated meta-analyses of prospective cohort studies

Purpose of Review Dairy products contain both beneficial and harmful nutrients in relation to cardiometabolic diseases. Here, we provide the latest scientific evidence regarding the relationship between dairy products and cardiometabolic diseases by reviewing the literature and updating meta-analyses of observational studies. Recent Findings We updated our previous meta-analyses of cohort studies on type 2 diabetes, coronary heart disease (CHD), and stroke with nine studies and confirmed previous results. Total dairy and low-fat dairy (per 200 g/d) were inversely associated with a 3–4% lower risk of diabetes. Yogurt was non-linearly inversely associatedwith diabetes (RR = 0.86, 95%CI: 0.83–0.90 at 80 g/ d). Total dairy and milk were not associated with CHD (RR~1.0). An increment of 200 g of daily milk intake was associated with an 8% lower risk of stroke. Summary The latest scientific evidence confirmed neutral or beneficial associations between dairy products and risk of cardiometabolic diseases

Dairy Consumption and the Incidence of Hyperglycemia and the Metabolic Syndrome: Results from a French prospective study, Data from the Epidemiological Study on the Insulin Resistance Syndrome (DESIR)

International audienceOBJECTIVE: In the French Data from the Epidemiological Study on the Insulin Resistance Syndrome (DESIR) cohort, cross-sectional analyses have shown that a higher consumption of dairy products and calcium are associated with a lower prevalence of the metabolic syndrome (MetS). We assess the influence of dairy products on 9-year incident MetS and on impaired fasting glycemia and/or type 2 diabetes (IFG/T2D). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Men and women who completed a food frequency questionnaire at baseline and after 3 years were studied (n = 3,435). Logistic regression models were used to study associations between the average year 0 and year 3 consumption of milk and dairy products, cheese, dietary calcium density, and incident MetS and IFG/T2D after adjusting for 1) sex, age, alcohol, smoking, physical activity, fat intake and 2) additionally for BMI. Associations between dairy products and continuous variables were studied by repeated-measures ANCOVA, using the same covariates. RESULTS: Dairy products other than cheese, and dietary calcium density, were inversely associated with incident MetS and IFG/T2D; cheese was negatively associated with incident MetS. All three parameters were associated with lower diastolic blood pressure, and with a lower BMI gain. Higher cheese intake and calcium density were associated with a lower increase in waist circumference and lower triglyceride levels. Calcium density was also associated with a lower systolic blood pressure and a lower 9-year increase in plasma triglyceride levels. CONCLUSIONS: A higher consumption of dairy products and calcium was associated with a lower 9-year incidence of MetS and IFG/T2D in a large cohort drawn from the general population

Identification of genetic effects underlying Type 2 Diabetes in South Asian and European populations

South Asians are at high risk of developing type 2 diabetes (T2D). We carried out a genome-wide association meta-analysis with South Asian T2D cases (n=16,677) and controls (n=33,856), followed by combined analyses with Europeans (neff=231,420). We identify 21 novel genetic loci for significant association with T2D (P=4.7x10-8 to 5.2x10-12), to the best of our knowledge at the point of analysis. The loci are enriched for regulatory features, including DNA methylation and gene expression in relevant tissues, and highlight CHMP4B, PDHB, LRIG1 and other genes linked to adiposity and glucose metabolism. A polygenic risk score based on South Asian-derived summary statistics shows ~4-fold higher risk for T2D between the top and bottom quartile. Our results provide further insights into the genetic mechanisms underlying T2D, and highlight the opportunities for discovery from joint analysis of data from across ancestral populations

Genetic drivers of heterogeneity in type 2 diabetes pathophysiology

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a heterogeneous disease that develops through diverse pathophysiological processes1,2 and molecular mechanisms that are often specific to cell type3,4. Here, to characterize the genetic contribution to these processes across ancestry groups, we aggregate genome-wide association study data from 2,535,601 individuals (39.7% not of European ancestry), including 428,452 cases of T2D. We identify 1,289 independent association signals at genome-wide significance (P &lt; 5 × 10-8) that map to 611 loci, of which 145 loci are, to our knowledge, previously unreported. We define eight non-overlapping clusters of T2D signals that are characterized by distinct profiles of cardiometabolic trait associations. These clusters are differentially enriched for cell-type-specific regions of open chromatin, including pancreatic islets, adipocytes, endothelial cells and enteroendocrine cells. We build cluster-specific partitioned polygenic scores5 in a further 279,552 individuals of diverse ancestry, including 30,288 cases of T2D, and test their association with T2D-related vascular outcomes. Cluster-specific partitioned polygenic scores are associated with coronary artery disease, peripheral artery disease and end-stage diabetic nephropathy across ancestry groups, highlighting the importance of obesity-related processes in the development of vascular outcomes. Our findings show the value of integrating multi-ancestry genome-wide association study data with single-cell epigenomics to disentangle the aetiological heterogeneity that drives the development and progression of T2D. This might offer a route to optimize global access to genetically informed diabetes care.</p