11 research outputs found
Ca<sub>12</sub>InC<sub>13–<i>x</i></sub> and Ba<sub>12</sub>InC<sub>18</sub>H<sub>4</sub>: Alkaline-Earth Indium Allenylides Synthesized in AE/Li Flux (AE = Ca, Ba)
Two new complex main-group metal
carbides were synthesized from
reactions of indium, carbon, and a metal hydride in metal flux mixtures
of an alkaline earth (AE = Ca, Ba) and lithium. Ca<sub>12</sub>InC<sub>13–<i>x</i></sub> and Ba<sub>12</sub>InC<sub>18</sub>H<sub>4</sub> both crystallize in cubic space group <i>Im</i>3̅ [<i>a</i> = 9.6055(8) and 11.1447(7) Å, respectively].
Their related structures are both built on a body-centered-cubic array
of icosahedral clusters comprised of an indium atom and 12 surrounding
alkaline-earth cations; these clusters are connected by bridging monatomic
anions (either H<sup>–</sup> or C<sup>4–</sup>) and
allenylide anions, C<sub>3</sub><sup>4–</sup>. The allenylide
anions were characterized by Raman spectroscopy and hydrolysis studies.
Density of states and crystal orbital Hamilton population calculations
confirm that both compounds are metallic
Do Mono-oxo Sites Exist in Silica-Supported Cr(VI) Materials? Reassessment of the Resonance Raman Spectra
The monomeric, single-atom
oxochromium species present on the surface
of silica-supported CrÂ(VI) catalysts was characterized in detail using
resonance Raman (RR) spectroscopy over a range of excitation wavelengths
corresponding to the primary electronic transitions of CrÂ(VI)/SiO<sub>2</sub>. The findings resolve a long-standing controversy regarding
the possible contribution of mono-oxoCrÂ(VI) sites, (SiO)<sub>4</sub>Crî—»O, postulated to coexist with the well-established dioxoCrÂ(VI)
sites, (SiO)<sub>2</sub>CrÂ(î—»O)<sub>2</sub>. Density functional
theory (DFT) calculations and a normal coordinate analysis conducted
using a chromasiloxane model cluster confirm prior assignments of
bands in the nonresonant Raman spectrum at 986 and 1001 cm<sup>–1</sup> to the symmetric and antisymmetric stretching modes, respectively,
of the dioxoCrÂ(VI) sites. For all excitation energies, the symmetric
stretch shows apparent resonant enhancement. Since all of the electronic
transitions are strongly allowed, this finding is consistent with
A-term enhancement. UV excitation at 257 nm (into the high energy
electronic transition centered at 271 nm) also results in modest resonant
enhancement of the antisymmetric stretch, due to the low average symmetry
of the surface sites. Excitation at 351 nm (into the electronic transition
centered at 343 nm) results in a strong increase in the relative intensity
of the antisymmetric stretch, which is likely caused by B-term enhancement.
Previously reported evidence for a mono-oxoCrÂ(VI) site consists of
a vibrational band observed at ca. 1011 cm<sup>–1</sup> and
assigned to its Crî—»O stretch. However, the band is observed
only upon excitation into the lowest-energy electronic transition,
at 439 nm. We show that excitation into this electronic transition
causes photoinduced decomposition. The process depends on the laser
power and duration of exposure, and it yields the band previously
assigned to a mono-oxo species. The resonance Raman study reported
here, in combination with our recent rigorous analysis of the corresponding
electronic spectra, lead us to conclude that there is no credible
spectroscopic evidence for the existence of mono-oxochromate species
in highly dispersed Cr/silica materials
Reassessment of the Electronic Structure of Cr(VI) Sites Supported on Amorphous Silica and Implications for Cr Coordination Number
The electronic structure
of isolated CrÂ(VI) sites supported on
silica was reinvestigated using multiple, complementary electronic
spectroscopies applied to transparent xerogel monoliths. The absorption
spectrum exhibits three previously reported peaks, at 22 800,
29 100, and 41 500 cm<sup>–1</sup>, as well as
a previously unresolved band at ca. 36 900 cm<sup>–1</sup>. The emission is a long-lived red luminescence with λ<sub>max</sub> = 13 600 cm<sup>–1</sup>, emanating from
the lowest excited state. Assignment of the excited states was facilitated
using time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) calculations
performed on cluster models. All of the observed electronic transitions
and their energies are accounted for by dioxoCrÂ(VI) sites. The lowest
energy observed excitation at 22 800 cm<sup>–1</sup> populates a singlet excited state, while the emitting state is the
corresponding triplet state, accessed by intersystem crossing from
the singlet state. Spectroscopic bands observed at 29 100,
36 900, and 41 500 cm<sup>–1</sup> were assigned,
based on the TD-DFT calculation, to spin-allowed transitions that
are consistent with emission polarization anisotropy measurements.
Small variations in site symmetry at Cr result principally in inhomogeneous
broadening of the spectral bands, as well as a red-edge effect in
the photoemission spectrum. There is no evidence for a significant
contribution from five-coordinate mono-oxoCrÂ(VI) sites
Luminescent zero-dimensional organic metal halide hybrids with near-unity quantum efficiency
Single crystalline zero-dimensional (0D) organic-inorganic hybrid materials with perfect host-guest structures have been developed as a new generation of highly efficient light emitters. Here we report a series of lead-free organic metal halide hybrids with a 0D structure, (C4N2H14X)4SnX6 (X = Br, I) and (C9NH20)2SbX5 (X = Cl), in which the individual metal halide octahedra (SnX64−) and quadrangular pyramids (SbX52−) are completely isolated from each other and surrounded by the organic ligands C4N2H14X+ and C9NH20+, respectively. The isolation of the photoactive metal halide species by the wide band gap organic ligands leads to no interaction or electronic band formation between the metal halide species, allowing the bulk materials to exhibit the intrinsic properties of the individual metal halide species. These 0D organic metal halide hybrids can also be considered as perfect host-guest systems, with the metal halide species periodically doped in the wide band gap matrix. Highly luminescent, strongly Stokes shifted broadband emissions with photoluminescence quantum efficiencies (PLQEs) of close to unity were realized, as a result of excited state structural reorganization of the individual metal halide species. Our discovery of highly luminescent single crystalline 0D organic-inorganic hybrid materials as perfect host-guest systems opens up a new paradigm in functional materials design
Mechanism of Initiation in the Phillips Ethylene Polymerization Catalyst: Redox Processes Leading to the Active Site
The detailed mechanism by which ethylene
polymerization is initiated
by the inorganic Phillips catalyst (Cr/SiO<sub>2</sub>) without recourse
to an alkylating cocatalyst remains one of the great unsolved mysteries
of heterogeneous catalysis. Generation of the active catalyst starts
with reduction of Cr<sup>VI</sup> ions dispersed on silica. A lower
oxidation state, generally accepted to be Cr<sup>II</sup>, is required
to activate ethylene to form an organoCr active site. In this work,
a mesoporous, optically transparent monolith of Cr<sup>VI</sup>/SiO<sub>2</sub> was prepared using sol–gel chemistry in order to monitor
the reduction process spectroscopically. Using in situ UV–vis
spectroscopy, we observed a very clean, stepwise reduction by CO of
Cr<sup>VI</sup> first to Cr<sup>IV</sup>, then to Cr<sup>II</sup>.
Both the intermediate and final states show XANES consistent with
these oxidation state assignments, and aspects of their coordination
environments were deduced from Raman and UV–vis spectroscopies.
The intermediate Cr<sup>IV</sup> sites are inactive toward ethylene
at 80 °C. The Cr<sup>II</sup> sites, which have long been postulated
as the end point of CO reduction, were observed directly by high-frequency/high-field
EPR spectroscopy. They react quantitatively with ethylene to generate
the organoCr<sup>III</sup> active sites, characterized by X-ray absorption
and UV–vis spectroscopy, which initiate polymerization
Mechanism of Initiation in the Phillips Ethylene Polymerization Catalyst: Redox Processes Leading to the Active Site
The detailed mechanism by which ethylene
polymerization is initiated
by the inorganic Phillips catalyst (Cr/SiO<sub>2</sub>) without recourse
to an alkylating cocatalyst remains one of the great unsolved mysteries
of heterogeneous catalysis. Generation of the active catalyst starts
with reduction of Cr<sup>VI</sup> ions dispersed on silica. A lower
oxidation state, generally accepted to be Cr<sup>II</sup>, is required
to activate ethylene to form an organoCr active site. In this work,
a mesoporous, optically transparent monolith of Cr<sup>VI</sup>/SiO<sub>2</sub> was prepared using sol–gel chemistry in order to monitor
the reduction process spectroscopically. Using in situ UV–vis
spectroscopy, we observed a very clean, stepwise reduction by CO of
Cr<sup>VI</sup> first to Cr<sup>IV</sup>, then to Cr<sup>II</sup>.
Both the intermediate and final states show XANES consistent with
these oxidation state assignments, and aspects of their coordination
environments were deduced from Raman and UV–vis spectroscopies.
The intermediate Cr<sup>IV</sup> sites are inactive toward ethylene
at 80 °C. The Cr<sup>II</sup> sites, which have long been postulated
as the end point of CO reduction, were observed directly by high-frequency/high-field
EPR spectroscopy. They react quantitatively with ethylene to generate
the organoCr<sup>III</sup> active sites, characterized by X-ray absorption
and UV–vis spectroscopy, which initiate polymerization
Characterization of berkelium(III) dipicolinate and borate compounds in solution and the solid state
Electronic Structure and Properties of Berkelium Iodates
The
reaction of <sup>249</sup>BkÂ(OH)<sub>4</sub> with iodate under
hydrothermal conditions results in the formation of BkÂ(IO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>3</sub> as the major product with trace amounts of BkÂ(IO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>4</sub> also crystallizing from the reaction mixture.
The structure of BkÂ(IO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>3</sub> consists of nine-coordinate
Bk<sup>III</sup> cations that are bridged by iodate anions to yield
layers that are isomorphous with those found for Am<sup>III</sup>,
Cf<sup>III</sup>, and with lanthanides that possess similar ionic
radii. BkÂ(IO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>4</sub> was expected to adopt the same
structure as MÂ(IO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>4</sub> (M = Ce, Np, Pu), but instead
parallels the structural chemistry of the smaller Zr<sup>IV</sup> cation.
Bk<sup>III</sup>–O and Bk<sup>IV</sup>–O bond lengths
are shorter than anticipated and provide further support for a postcurium
break in the actinide series. Photoluminescence and absorption spectra
collected from single crystals of BkÂ(IO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>4</sub> show
evidence for doping with Bk<sup>III</sup> in these crystals. In addition
to luminescence from Bk<sup>III</sup> in the BkÂ(IO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>4</sub> crystals, a broad-band absorption feature is initially present
that is similar to features observed in systems with intervalence
charge transfer. However, the high-specific activity of <sup>249</sup>Bk (<i>t</i><sub>1/2</sub> = 320 d) causes oxidation of
Bk<sup>III</sup> and only Bk<sup>IV</sup> is present after a few days
with concomitant loss of both the Bk<sup>III</sup> luminescence and
the broadband feature. The electronic structure of BkÂ(IO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>3</sub> and BkÂ(IO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>4</sub> were examined using
a range of computational methods that include density functional theory
both on clusters and on periodic structures, relativistic <i>ab initio</i> wave function calculations that incorporate spin–orbit
coupling (CASSCF), and by a full-model Hamiltonian with spin–orbit
coupling and Slater–Condon parameters (CONDON). Some of these
methods provide evidence for an asymmetric ground state present in
Bk<sup>IV</sup> that does not strictly adhere to Russel–Saunders
coupling and Hund’s Rule even though it possesses a half-filled
5<i>f</i> <sup>7</sup> shell. Multiple factors contribute
to the asymmetry that include 5<i>f</i> electrons being
present in microstates that are not solely spin up, spin–orbit
coupling induced mixing of low-lying excited states with the ground
state, and covalency in the Bk<sup>IV</sup>–O bonds that distributes
the 5<i>f</i> electrons onto the ligands. These factors
are absent or diminished in other <i>f</i><sup>7</sup> ions
such as Gd<sup>III</sup> or Cm<sup>III</sup>