Impact of basin burial and exhumation on Jurassic carbonates diagenesis on both sides of a thick clay barrier (Paris Basin, NE France).

27 pagesInternational audienceSeveral diagenetic models have been proposed for Middle and Upper Jurassic carbonates of the eastern Paris Basin. The paragenetic sequences are compared in both aquifers to propose a diagenetic model for the Middle and Late Jurassic deposits as a whole. Petrographic (optical and cathodoluminescence microscopy), structural (fracture orientations) and geochemical (δ18O, δ13C, REE) studies were conducted to characterize diagenetic cements, with a focus on blocky calcite cements, and their connection with fracturation events. Four generations of blocky calcite (Cal1-Cal4) are identified. Cal1 and Cal2 are widespread in the dominantly grain-supported facies of the Middle Jurassic limestones (about 90% of the cementation), whereas they are limited in the Oxfordian because grain-supported facies are restricted to certain stratigraphic levels. Cal1 and Cal2 blocky spars precipitated during burial in a reducing environment from mixed marine-meteoric waters and/or buffered meteoric waters. The meteoric waters probably entered aquifers during the Late Cimmerian (Jurassic/Cretaceous boundary) and Late Aptian (Early Cretaceous) unconformities. The amount of Cal2 cement is thought to be linked to the intensity of burial pressure dissolution, which in turn was partly controlled by the clay content of the host rocks. Cal3 and Cal4 are associated with telogenetic fracturing phases. The succession of Cal3 and Cal4 calcite relates to the transition towards oxidizing conditions during an opening of the system to meteoric waters at higher water/rock ratios. These meteoric fluids circulated along Pyrenean, Oligocene and Alpine fractures and generated both dissolution and subsequent cementation in Oxfordian vugs in mud-supported facies and in poorly stylolitized grainstones. However, these cements filled only the residual porosity in Middle Jurassic limestones. In addition to fluorine inputs, fracturation also permitted inputs of sulphur possibly due to weathering of Triassic or Purbeckian evaporites or H2S input during Paleogene times

First report of an Ediacarian basement in the Western Alps: the Serre Chevalier crystalline unit (Briançonnais domain, France)

We report new LA-ICP-MS U-Pb zircon ages of varied crystalline rocks occurring in the Serre Chevalier crystalline terrain, an allochtonous basement unit located at the top of the Briançonnais nappes stack ∼5 km west of Briançon city. Mapped as an undifferentiated metasedimentary basement on the geological map at 1/50,000 scale, this unit actually displays varied lithologies including alternating micaschist, paragneiss, quartzite, coarse-grained conglomerate and felsic (leptynite) to mafic (amphibolite) gneiss of magmatic origin. All rocks were metamorphosed in response to a dominant pre-Alpine event under amphibolite facies conditions. Partial recrystallization under low-grade amphibolite to greenschist facies conditions was associated with alpine events. Zircon ages were obtained on four types of rocks: (i) a micaceous quartzite from the core of the metasedimentary unit displays a dominant age population around 610 Ma, with a minimal age of 580 Ma, and subordinated age populations at c. 940 Ma, 1825 Ma and 2100-2560 Ma ; (ii) a granite boulder from a coarse-grained conglomerate yields a well-defined age of 582 ± 5 Ma and subordinated inherited ages between 1800 and 2200 Ma. Zircon rims of probable metamorphic origin provide a concordant age of 492 ± 4 Ma ; (iii) a gneissic band in the vicinity of the conglomerate is dated at 597 ± 4 Ma ; (iv) a coarse-grained garnet amphibolite yields an age of 517 ± 3 Ma interpreted as the emplacement age of the protolith, either as intrusive unit cutting accross the sedimentary succession or lava intercalated within the sediments. The mainly Ediacarian record in the metasediments (quartzite and granite boulder in conglomerate) lead us to conclude that this material resulted from the erosion of a nearby Ediacarian (Cadomian ?) basement. The age of 517 Ma obtained on the amphibolite provides a minimum age for the sedimentary succession which deposition is therefore bracketed between 582 Ma and 517 Ma. This interval is comparable to that of the metasedimentary units of the Brioverian group of the Armorican Massif. Based on their low Th/U ratio, the 492 Ma-old zircon rims in the granite boulder are attributed to an Upper Cambrian metamorphic event

Longevity Around the Turn of the 20th Century: Life-Long Sustained Survival Advantage for Parents of Today’s Nonagenarians

Members of longevous families live longer than individuals from similar birth cohorts and delay/escape age related diseases. Insight into this familial component of longevity can provide important knowledge about mechanisms protecting against age-related diseases. This familial component of longevity was studied in the Leiden Longevity Study which consists of 944 longevous siblings (participants), their parents (N=842), siblings (N=2302), and spouses (N=809). Family longevity scores were estimated to explore whether human longevity is transmitted preferentially through the maternal or paternal line. Standardized mortality ratio’s (SMRs) were estimated to investigate whether longevous siblings have a survival advantage compared to longevous singletons and we investigated if parents of longevous siblings harbor a life-long sustained survival advantage compared to the general Dutch population by estimating lifetime SMRs (L-SMRs). We found that sibships with long-lived mothers and non-long-lived fathers had 0.41 (P=0.024) less observed deaths than sibships with long-lived fathers and non-long-lived mothers and 0.48 (P=0.008) less observed deaths than sibships with both parents non-long lived. Participants had 18.6% less deaths compared to matched singletons and parents had a life-long sustained survival advantage (L-SMR=0.510 and 0.688). In conclusion, genetic longevity studies may incorporate the maternal transmission pattern and genes influencing the entire life-course of individuals

Climate mediates the effects of disturbance on ant assemblage structure

Many studies have focused on the impacts of climate change on biological assemblages, yet little is known about howclimate interacts with other major anthropogenic influences on biodiversity, such as habitat disturbance. Using a unique global database of 1128 local ant assemblages, we examined whether climate mediates the effects of habitat disturbance on assemblage structure at a global scale. Species richness and evenness were associated positively with temperature, and negatively with disturbance. However, the interaction among temperature, precipitation and disturbance shaped species richness and evenness. The effectwas manifested through a failure of species richness to increase substantially with temperature in transformed habitats at low precipitation. At low precipitation levels, evenness increased with temperature in undisturbed sites, peaked at medium temperatures in disturbed sites and remained low in transformed sites. In warmer climates with lower rainfall, the effects of increasing disturbance on species richness and evenness were akin to decreases in temperature of up to 98C. Anthropogenic disturbance and ongoing climate change may interact in complicated ways to shape the structure of assemblages, with hot, arid environments likely to be at greatest risk. © 2015 The Author(s) Published by the Royal Society. All rights reserved

The Helicobacter pylori Genome Project : insights into H. pylori population structure from analysis of a worldwide collection of complete genomes

Helicobacter pylori, a dominant member of the gastric microbiota, shares co-evolutionary history with humans. This has led to the development of genetically distinct H. pylori subpopulations associated with the geographic origin of the host and with differential gastric disease risk. Here, we provide insights into H. pylori population structure as a part of the Helicobacter pylori Genome Project (HpGP), a multi-disciplinary initiative aimed at elucidating H. pylori pathogenesis and identifying new therapeutic targets. We collected 1011 well-characterized clinical strains from 50 countries and generated high-quality genome sequences. We analysed core genome diversity and population structure of the HpGP dataset and 255 worldwide reference genomes to outline the ancestral contribution to Eurasian, African, and American populations. We found evidence of substantial contribution of population hpNorthAsia and subpopulation hspUral in Northern European H. pylori. The genomes of H. pylori isolated from northern and southern Indigenous Americans differed in that bacteria isolated in northern Indigenous communities were more similar to North Asian H. pylori while the southern had higher relatedness to hpEastAsia. Notably, we also found a highly clonal yet geographically dispersed North American subpopulation, which is negative for the cag pathogenicity island, and present in 7% of sequenced US genomes. We expect the HpGP dataset and the corresponding strains to become a major asset for H. pylori genomics

Rare earth element signature in uranium oxides and associated minerals in uranium deposits : in-situ quantitative measurements by ablation laser ICP-MS and geochronical studies

Le caractère souvent polyphasé de la formation des minéralisations uranifères exige de disposer d'une méthode analytique localisée et sensible à de faibles concentrations. L'ablation laser coupIée à un système d'analyse par ICP-MS est un instrument de choix permettant l'analyse in-situ de concentrations élémentaires inférieures à 10 ppm, à l'échelle de la dizaine de micromètres. Un double objectif concernant l'utilisation d'un système LA-ICP-MS est présenté dans cette thèse. Un développement méthodologique permettant l'analyse localisée des éléments de terres rares (ETR) par LA-ICP-MS aussi bien dans les oxydes d'uranium que dans d'autres matrices minérales associées aux dépôts, couplé à des datations isotopiques par microsonde ionique fait l'objet d'une première partie de ce travail. L'application de la méthode sur 21 cibles naturelles représentatives de 4 types de gisement d'uranium est présentée dans une seconde partie. Ainsi, les oxydes d'uranium des gisements associés aux discordances du bassin Athabasca montrent des signatures en ETR caractéristiques quelles que soient leur âge et leurs localisations. Des analyses similaires de la zone d'End Grid (bassin du Thelon) permettent de supposer des conditions et des âges de formations similaires aux gisements de type discordance. La teneur en ETR des uraninites magmatiques s'explique par la température élevée de leur incorporation. Les signatures des oxydes d'uranium des gisements de type filonien montrent un équilibrage entre les fluides minéralisateurs et certains minéraux porteurs d'ETR des roches encaissantes. Enfin, les différentes signatures en ETR des oxydes d'uranium des gisements de type Breccia pipe reflètent des fortes variations dans les conditions de dépôt dans ces gisements a priori génétiquement semblablesThe ore deposits often display complex stages of formation leading to multiphase mineral crystallizations. The study of these minerals needs to use a sensitive and localized analytical method. Laser ablation coupled to ICP-MS is a good tool for in-situ measurements of low element concentrations (<10 ppm) at a small scale in minerals (around 10 ?m diameter). Two major objectives concerning the use of LAICP-MS have been carried out in this thesis. First part is focused on the determination of the best analytical conditions for rare earth element (REE) quantification with LA-ICP-MS in uranium oxides and associated minerals (carbonate, fluorite). This approach has been coupled to isotopic analysis using ionic microprobe. The second part is dedicated to the application of the methodology on 21 uranium ore bodies typical of four different types of deposits. The uranium oxides from unconformity-related uranium deposits (Athabasca Basin) show typical REE signature whatever their age and location. Data on End Grid U mineralization (Thelon basin) suggest similar conditions of formation and ages as in Athbasca unconformity related uranium deposits. High temperature during magmatic uraninite formation induced strong incorporation of REE in their structures. REE signatures of uranium oxides related to vein type deposits suggest a control of the host rocks. Finally, the different REE signatures obtained on uranium oxides from breccia pipe-related deposit show a strong variation in the conditions of formation in these supposed similar deposit

Signature géochimique des éléments des terres rares dans les oxydes d'uranium et minéraux associés dans les gisements d'uranium : analyse par ablation laser couplée à l'ICP-MS et étude géochronologique

Accès restreint aux membres de l'Université de Lorraine jusqu'au 2016-12-07The ore deposits often display complex stages of formation leading to multiphase mineral crystallizations. The study of these minerals needs to use a sensitive and localized analytical method. Laser ablation coupled to ICP-MS is a good tool for in-situ measurements of low element concentrations (<10 ppm) at a small scale in minerals (around 10 ?m diameter). Two major objectives concerning the use of LAICP-MS have been carried out in this thesis. First part is focused on the determination of the best analytical conditions for rare earth element (REE) quantification with LA-ICP-MS in uranium oxides and associated minerals (carbonate, fluorite). This approach has been coupled to isotopic analysis using ionic microprobe. The second part is dedicated to the application of the methodology on 21 uranium ore bodies typical of four different types of deposits. The uranium oxides from unconformity-related uranium deposits (Athabasca Basin) show typical REE signature whatever their age and location. Data on End Grid U mineralization (Thelon basin) suggest similar conditions of formation and ages as in Athbasca unconformity related uranium deposits. High temperature during magmatic uraninite formation induced strong incorporation of REE in their structures. REE signatures of uranium oxides related to vein type deposits suggest a control of the host rocks. Finally, the different REE signatures obtained on uranium oxides from breccia pipe-related deposit show a strong variation in the conditions of formation in these supposed similar depositsLe caractère souvent polyphasé de la formation des minéralisations uranifères exige de disposer d'une méthode analytique localisée et sensible à de faibles concentrations. L'ablation laser coupIée à un système d'analyse par ICP-MS est un instrument de choix permettant l'analyse in-situ de concentrations élémentaires inférieures à 10 ppm, à l'échelle de la dizaine de micromètres. Un double objectif concernant l'utilisation d'un système LA-ICP-MS est présenté dans cette thèse. Un développement méthodologique permettant l'analyse localisée des éléments de terres rares (ETR) par LA-ICP-MS aussi bien dans les oxydes d'uranium que dans d'autres matrices minérales associées aux dépôts, couplé à des datations isotopiques par microsonde ionique fait l'objet d'une première partie de ce travail. L'application de la méthode sur 21 cibles naturelles représentatives de 4 types de gisement d'uranium est présentée dans une seconde partie. Ainsi, les oxydes d'uranium des gisements associés aux discordances du bassin Athabasca montrent des signatures en ETR caractéristiques quelles que soient leur âge et leurs localisations. Des analyses similaires de la zone d'End Grid (bassin du Thelon) permettent de supposer des conditions et des âges de formations similaires aux gisements de type discordance. La teneur en ETR des uraninites magmatiques s'explique par la température élevée de leur incorporation. Les signatures des oxydes d'uranium des gisements de type filonien montrent un équilibrage entre les fluides minéralisateurs et certains minéraux porteurs d'ETR des roches encaissantes. Enfin, les différentes signatures en ETR des oxydes d'uranium des gisements de type Breccia pipe reflètent des fortes variations dans les conditions de dépôt dans ces gisements a priori génétiquement semblable

Traitement statistiques multivariés d'images chimiques obtenues par LA-ICP-MS.

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Geochemical modelling at high temperature.

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