76 research outputs found
High-Energy Aspects of Solar Flares: Overview of the Volume
In this introductory chapter, we provide a brief summary of the successes and
remaining challenges in understanding the solar flare phenomenon and its
attendant implications for particle acceleration mechanisms in astrophysical
plasmas. We also provide a brief overview of the contents of the other chapters
in this volume, with particular reference to the well-observed flare of 2002
July 23Comment: This is the introductory article for a monograph on the physics of
solar flares, inspired by RHESSI observations. The individual articles are to
appear in Space Science Reviews (2011
SU(5) Unified Theories from Intersecting Branes
We discuss the first string theory examples of three generation
non-supersymmetric SU(5) and {\em flipped} SU(5) GUTS, which break to the
Standard model at low energy, without extra matter and/or gauge group factors.
Our GUT examples are based on IIA orientifolds with D6-branes
intersecting at non-trivial angles. These theories necessarily satisfy RR
tadpoles and are free of NSNS tadpoles as the complex structure moduli are
frozen (even though a dilaton tadpole remains) to discrete values. We identify
appropriately the bifundamental Higgses responsible for electroweak symmetry
breaking. In this way, the neutrino see-saw mechanism get nicely realized in
these constructions. Moreover, as baryon number is not a gauged symmetry gauge
mediated dimension six operators do contribute to proton decay; however proton
lifetime may be safely enhanced by appropriately choosing a high GUT scale. An
accompanying natural doublet-triplet splitting guarantees the suppression of
scalar mediated proton decay modes and the stability of triplet scalar masses
against higher dimensional non-renormalizable operators.Comment: 26 pages, 5 figures; no changes, one comment added in the
introductio
Recent Advances in Understanding Particle Acceleration Processes in Solar Flares
We review basic theoretical concepts in particle acceleration, with
particular emphasis on processes likely to occur in regions of magnetic
reconnection. Several new developments are discussed, including detailed
studies of reconnection in three-dimensional magnetic field configurations
(e.g., current sheets, collapsing traps, separatrix regions) and stochastic
acceleration in a turbulent environment. Fluid, test-particle, and
particle-in-cell approaches are used and results compared. While these studies
show considerable promise in accounting for the various observational
manifestations of solar flares, they are limited by a number of factors, mostly
relating to available computational power. Not the least of these issues is the
need to explicitly incorporate the electrodynamic feedback of the accelerated
particles themselves on the environment in which they are accelerated. A brief
prognosis for future advancement is offered.Comment: This is a chapter in a monograph on the physics of solar flares,
inspired by RHESSI observations. The individual articles are to appear in
Space Science Reviews (2011
A First Search for coincident Gravitational Waves and High Energy Neutrinos using LIGO, Virgo and ANTARES data from 2007
We present the results of the first search for gravitational wave bursts
associated with high energy neutrinos. Together, these messengers could reveal
new, hidden sources that are not observed by conventional photon astronomy,
particularly at high energy. Our search uses neutrinos detected by the
underwater neutrino telescope ANTARES in its 5 line configuration during the
period January - September 2007, which coincided with the fifth and first
science runs of LIGO and Virgo, respectively. The LIGO-Virgo data were analysed
for candidate gravitational-wave signals coincident in time and direction with
the neutrino events. No significant coincident events were observed. We place
limits on the density of joint high energy neutrino - gravitational wave
emission events in the local universe, and compare them with densities of
merger and core-collapse events.Comment: 19 pages, 8 figures, science summary page at
http://www.ligo.org/science/Publication-S5LV_ANTARES/index.php. Public access
area to figures, tables at
https://dcc.ligo.org/cgi-bin/DocDB/ShowDocument?docid=p120000
Measurements of fiducial cross-sections for t\bart production with one or two additional b-jets in pp collisions at √s =8 TeVusing the ATLAS detector
Fiducial cross-sections for production with one or two additional
-jets are reported, using an integrated luminosity of 20.3 fb of
proton--proton collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of 8 TeV at the Large
Hadron Collider, collected with the ATLAS detector. The cross-section times
branching ratio for events with at least one additional -jet is
measured to be 950 70 (stat.) (syst.) fb in the
lepton-plus-jets channel and 50 10 (stat.) (syst.) fb in
the channel. The cross-section times branching ratio for events with at
least two additional -jets is measured to be 19.3 3.5 (stat.)
5.7 (syst.) fb in the dilepton channel (,\,, and \,) using a
method based on tight selection criteria, and 13.5 3.3 (stat.) 3.6
(syst.) fb using a looser selection that allows the background normalisation to
be extracted from data. The latter method also measures a value of 1.30
0.33 (stat.) 0.28 (syst.)\% for the ratio of production with
two additional -jets to production with any two additional jets.
All measurements are in good agreement with recent theory predictions.Comment: 41 pages plus author list + cover page (58 total), 9 Figures, 16
tables, submitted to EPJC, all figures including auxiliary figures are
available at
https://atlas.web.cern.ch/Atlas/GROUPS/PHYSICS/PAPERS/TOPQ-2014-10
Reduction of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in patients with coronary heart disease and metabolic syndrome: analysis of the Treating to New Targets study
Background
Despite the prognostic value of metabolic syndrome for predicting cardiovascular events, few trials have investigated the effects of statin therapy on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in patients with the metabolic syndrome. Our post hoc analysis of the Treating to New Targets (TNT) study assessed whether intensive lowering of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol with high-dose atorvastatin therapy results in cardiovascular benefits for patients with both coronary heart disease and the metabolic syndrome.
Methods
The TNT study was a prospective, double blind, parallel-group trial done at 256 sites in 14 countries between April, 1998, and August, 2004, with a median follow-up of 4·9 years. 10 001 patients were enrolled aged 35—75 years with clinically evident coronary heart disease. Our analysis includes 5584 patients with metabolic syndrome based on the 2005 NCEP ATP III criteria. Patients were randomly assigned to receive either atorvastatin 10 mg per day (n=2820) or 80 mg per day (n=2764). The primary outcome measure was time to first major cardiovascular event, defined as death from coronary heart disease, non-fatal non-procedure-related myocardial infarction, resuscitated cardiac arrest, or fatal or non-fatal stroke.
Findings
In patients with coronary heart disease and metabolic syndrome, mean on-treatment low-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations at 3 months were 2·6 mmol/L (99·3 mg/dL) with atorvastatin 10 mg, and 1·9 mmol/L (72·6 mg/dL) with atorvastatin 80 mg. At a median follow-up of 4·9 years, major cardiovascular events occurred in 367 (13%) patients receiving atorvastatin 10 mg, compared with 262 (9·5%) receiving atorvastatin 80 mg (hazard ratio 0·71; 95% CI 0·61—0·84; p<0·0001). Irrespective of treatment assignment, significantly more patients with metabolic syndrome (11·3%) had a major cardiovascular event at a median of 4·9 years than those without metabolic syndrome (8·0%; hazard ratio 1·44; 95% CI 1·26—1·64; p<0·0001). This increased risk was significantly reduced by intensive therapy with atorvastatin 80 mg beyond that achieved with atorvastatin 10 mg.
Interpretation
These data indicate that patients with coronary heart disease and metabolic syndrome derive incremental benefit from high-dose atorvastatin therapy, irrespective of the presence of diabetes
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