15 research outputs found
Sensory traits, color, and shelf life of low-dose irradiated, raw, ground beef patties
Irradiation of raw ground beef patties had
minimal effects on flavor and aroma of patties
after cooking. Oxidative rancidity increased
when patties were irradiated in aerobic but not
in vacuum packages. Irradiation of vacuum-packaged
ground beef patties produced a more
stable color. In both packaging types,
irradiation significantly reduced microbial
growth during storage
Sensory traits, color, and shelf life of low-dose irradiated, precooked, ground beef patties
Irradiation did not influence bitter, bloody,
burnt, chemical, fat-like, juiciness, liver-like,
beef identity, metallic, rancid, sour, sweet, and
toughness flavor/textural attributes, beef aroma,
or off-odor in precooked ground beef patties.
Irradiation slightly increased the animal hair
flavor note, but intensity levels were <1 on the
15-point sensory scale. Except for 10% fat non-irradiated
controls, reheated precooked patties
had a slight sour, ammonia-like, top note.
Irradiation at 3.5 kilograys (kGy) increased
external redness in vacuum-packaged patties,
but not in aerobic packages. Aerobic packaging
with or without irradiation decreased external
precooked redness. Oxidative rancidity
increased when patties were irradiated in
aerobic but not in vacuum packages. Reduction
of oxygen in vacuum bags extended the shelf
life of the precooked ground beef patties, at
least in terms of oxidative rancidity. Precooking
ground beef patties, irrespective of irradiation
or packaging type, posed sensory disadvantages,
and improvements to the precooking process
are needed before irradiating at low-dose levels
is appropriate
Motor-Driven Bacterial Flagella and Buckling Instabilities
Many types of bacteria swim by rotating a bundle of helical filaments also
called flagella. Each filament is driven by a rotary motor and a very flexible
hook transmits the motor torque to the filament. We model it by discretizing
Kirchhoff's elastic-rod theory and develop a coarse-grained approach for
driving the helical filament by a motor torque. A rotating flagellum generates
a thrust force, which pushes the cell body forward and which increases with the
motor torque. We fix the rotating flagellum in space and show that it buckles
under the thrust force at a critical motor torque. Buckling becomes visible as
a supercritical Hopf bifurcation in the thrust force. A second buckling
transition occurs at an even higher motor torque. We attach the flagellum to a
spherical cell body and also observe the first buckling transition during
locomotion. By changing the size of the cell body, we vary the necessary thrust
force and thereby obtain a characteristic relation between the critical thrust
force and motor torque. We present a sophisticated analytical model for the
buckling transition based on a helical rod which quantitatively reproduces the
critical force-torque relation. Real values for motor torque, cell body size,
and the geometry of the helical filament suggest that buckling should occur in
single bacterial flagella. We also find that the orientation of pulling
flagella along the driving torque is not stable and comment on the biological
relevance for marine bacteria.Comment: 15 pages, 11 figure
High carbon dioxide, modified-atmosphere packaging (MAP) for beef steaks
To determine the effects of storage in a
high-carbon dioxide, modified-atmosphere
package (MAP) on shelf life, beef strip steaks
were packaged under 30% CO2-70% N2 and
stored for up to 42 days at 30 or 38 ̊F. Aerobic
plate counts (APC) and lactic acid bacteria
(LAB) counts in these ExtendPak™ packages
were well below the threshold of spoilage even
after 42 days of MAP storage. After 28 days of
storage, steaks stored in vacuum packages had
APC counts 1.0 log 10 greater than steaks in
MAP. APCs increased during a 5-day display
period in steaks store d in vacuum packages, but
no increases occurred with MAP. Repackaged
steaks from vacuum packages bloomed to a
brighter red color than steaks stored in MAP,
but MAP steaks were more color stable through
display. Microbial data indicate d that steaks can
be stored for up to 42 days using this promising
MAP system. The long storage life of MAP
steaks allows packers and retailers more flexibility
to respond to variable consumer demand,
without the threat of product spoilage
Sensory traits, color, and shelf life of low-dose irradiated beef steaks
Irradiation had minimal effects on flavor
and texture of frozen or chilled vacuum-packaged
boneless beef steaks. A dose level of
3.5 kilograys (kGy) reduced beef aroma in
chilled steaks. Irradiation did not influence
internal or external cooked color, most raw
color traits, cooking loss, pH, oxidative
rancidity, or Warner-Bratzler shear force in
chilled or frozen boneless steaks. PVC-wrapped
controls were less red than irradiated
steaks after 5 days of display. Exposure to
oxygen by repackaging into oxygen-permeable
film increased oxidative rancidity after display.
Vacuum-packaging, in combination with
irradiation, enables boneless beef steaks to be
stored and/or displayed up to 28 days with
minimal effects on color, oxidative rancidity,
and bacterial counts
Consumer acceptance of low-dose irradiated, boneless, pork chops
Acceptance of irradiated, chilled, boneless, pork chops and nonirradiated controls by consumers was not different. Coupled with consumer concerns about food safety and well-documented improvement in consumer attitudes about irradiated foods, the potential for market acceptance is very promising
Display life and related traits of low-dose irradiated, boneless, pork chops
Irradiation and vacuum-packaging caused a more intense and stable red color in boneless
pork chops. Irradiation up to 2.5 kGy increased cooked internal redness in chilled
chops. Oxidative rancidity was greater in
aerobic packaging than vacuum-packaging and in irradiated aerobic packaged chops than controls. Irradiation of vacuum-packaged boneless pork chops has promising potential for market acceptance
Flavor and aroma of low-dose irradiated, boneless, pork chops
Irradiation and irradiation source had little to no effect on flavor and aroma of
boneless pork chops, either frozen or chilled. Coupled with consumer concerns about food safety and well-documented improvement in consumer attitudes about irradiated foods, irradiation of boneless pork chops has promising potential for market acceptance