5 research outputs found
Abnormal Duodenal Bile Composition in Patients With Acalculous Chronic Cholecystitis
- Author
- Admirand WH
- Altenberg GA
- Ammon HV
- Babb RR
- Bachrach WH
- Barr RG
- Benedetti A
- Booker MT
- Bralow SP
- Carey MC
- Carey MC
- Carman RD
- Choudhuri G
- Davis GB
- Deleuze J-F
- Duane WC
- Einarsson K
- Erlinger S
- Fenster LF
- Fromm H
- Frykberg ER
- Galatola G
- Gurantz D
- Higuchi WI
- Hofmann AF
- Janowitz P
- Jones DB
- Juniper K
- Lanzini A
- Lennard TWJ
- Lillemoe KD
- Lindstrom CG
- Marks JW
- Marks JW
- Mauad TH
- McKibbin JP
- Nag MK
- Nakano A
- Neiderhiser DH
- Neiderhiser DH
- Neiderhiser DH
- Neiderhiser DH
- Northfield TC
- OuDe Elferink RP
- Puglilelli L
- Rhodes M
- Rogos R
- Savoca PE
- Shoda J
- Shoda J
- Shoda J
- Sjö
- Tanno N
- Tanno N
- Thomas PJ
- Turley SD
- Valberg LS
- van Nieuwerk CM
- Yap L
- Zieve L
- Publication venue
- 'Wiley'
- Publication date
- Field of study
Disorders of Magnesium Homeostasis and Magnesium in Therapy
- Author
- A Elamin
- A Hodgkinson
- AC Alfrey
- AC Alfrey
- AG Palestine
- AM Meyers
- B Chernow
- B Murphy
- B Raju
- BJ Martin
- BL Salle
- BS Levine
- BS Levine
- CA Moore
- CH Barton
- CR Graves
- CR Reddy
- CYC Pak
- DR Davies
- DR Roy
- DR Wilz
- E Rumeur
- E Ryzen
- E Ryzen
- EB Flink
- EE Vokes
- EM Skobeloff
- ES Hellman
- F Lifshitz
- F Mimouni
- FW Heaton
- G Colussi
- G Johansson
- G Ragland
- G Rolla
- G Saggesse
- GA Altenberg
- GA Quamme
- GA Quamme
- GA Quamme
- GA Quamme
- GA Quamme
- GA Quamme
- GJ Valenzuela
- GM Preminger
- GM Shah
- GM Shah
- H Matsuda
- H Matzkin
- H Okayama
- HJ Gitelman
- HM Cushner
- HS Loeb
- IM Shafik
- ISIS Collaborative Group
- J Blomfield
- J Burnell
- J Devane
- J Mccord
- J Navarro
- J Oliver
- JA Martinez
- JA Pritchard
- JB Lansman
- JD Gradon
- JD Kopple
- JE Scoble
- JL Boston
- JL Craven
- JL Glick
- JL Loughead
- JT Bundy
- JW Coburn
- JW Coburn
- JW Coburn
- JW Coburn
- K Laitinen
- K Saito
- KD Chadda
- KD Fine
- KD Wrenn
- KL Woods
- KL Woods
- L Bondesson
- L Gullestad
- L Lind
- L Widman
- LA Ferrara
- LA Jelicks
- LH Smith
- LL Hardwick
- LL Hardwick
- LS Aglio
- LT Iseri
- LT Iseri
- M Akinci
- M Haag-Wever
- M Markmann
- M Praga
- M Rudnicki
- M Salem
- MA Brodsky
- MA Ralston
- ME Gold
- ME Shils
- MJ Lucas
- MM Popovtzer
- MM Popovtzer
- MP Ryan
- MP Ryan
- MP Ryan
- NK Mittal
- NLM Wong
- P Cadnapapchornchai
- P Kes
- P Krupp
- P Lim
- P Mcnair
- P Popovici
- PA Tambyah
- PC Zemel
- PG Brannan
- PG Robertie
- PR Brock
- PW Flatman
- R Whang
- R Whang
- RA Reinhart
- RAL Sutton
- RAL Sutton
- RAL Sutton
- RAL Sutton
- RB Kurzel
- RD Grubbs
- RE Cronin
- RJ Burnett
- RJ Elfin
- RJ Shapiro
- RK Rude
- RK Rude
- RM Mcnamara
- RV Lewis
- S Fukumoto
- S Marchi
- S Rotevatn
- S Wallach
- SB Howell
- SG Massry
- SG Massry
- SG Massry
- SM Korbin
- SMG Al-Ghamdo
- SN Gershoff
- SR Contiguglia
- SR Ramee
- SS Gottlieb
- T Akera
- T Dyckner
- T Esen
- W Geven
- WB Geven
- WB Geven
- WJ Kreusser
- YM Abdulrazzaq
- ZS Agus
- Publication venue
- 'Springer Science and Business Media LLC'
- Publication date
- 01/01/1998
- Field of study
Atmospheric Mutagens
- Author
- A Adel
- A Adel
- A Ayanaba
- A Ayanaba
- A Barthelmess
- A Barthelmess
- A Bruhin
- A Candeli
- A Eshleman
- A Forni
- A Katz
- A Loveless
- A Reisenstart
- A Sodergren
- A Stefanescu
- A Vaarama
- AC Allison
- AC Faberge
- AC Hammond
- AC Hammond
- AC Stern
- AE Martin
- AG Johnels
- AG Johnels
- AH Mohamed
- AH Mohamed
- AH Mohamed
- AH Mohamed
- AH Sparrow
- AH Sparrow
- AJ Grobecker
- AL Hammond
- AM Poverenny
- American Chemical Society
- American Industrial Hygiene Association
- ANM Nasr
- AP Altshuller
- AP Altshuller
- AP Altshuller
- AP Altshuller
- AR Dowell
- AW Hogan
- AY Malakhina
- AY Pan
- B Berck
- B Berck
- B Mitchell
- B Terracini
- BA Bridges
- BD Dinman
- BJ Dean
- BJ Dean
- BJ Dean
- BJ Dean
- BJ Dean
- BJ Dean
- BKJ Leong
- BL Duuren Van
- BL Duuren Van
- BL Duuren Van
- BM Smith
- BN Ames
- BN Ames
- BT Commins
- C Auerbach
- C Bokhoven
- C Hamelin
- C Maltoni
- C Ramel
- C Ramel
- C Ramel
- C Ramel
- CA Edwards
- CA Edwards
- CD Kramer
- CE Billings
- CE Junge
- CE Lange
- CE Voogd
- CE Voogd
- CE Voogd
- CF Reinhardt
- CH Wadleigh
- CJ Collins
- CJ Conlee
- CJ Kramer
- CR Harris
- CT Bedford
- CT Nisbet
- CW Louw
- CW Stanley
- CW Su
- D Hoffmann
- D Kostoff
- D Lillian
- D Wild
- DA Blake
- DA Hirschler
- DB Menzel
- DB Peakall
- DB Smith
- DBM Scott
- DC Abbott
- DD Davis
- DD Irish
- DG Crosby
- DH Carr
- DH Carr
- DH Fine
- DH Hutson
- DJ Hurst
- DJ Lehmden von
- DK Harris
- DM Aviado
- DM Aviado
- DM Pace
- DP Rail
- DR Bates
- DW Markaryan
- DW Nelson
- E Freese
- E Goldstein
- E Haberman
- E Robinson
- E Robinson
- E Robinson
- E Rubin
- E Sawicki
- E Sawicki
- E Sawicki
- E Sawicki
- E Sawicki
- E Schmid
- E Vogel
- EC Tabor
- EE Horn
- EF Darley
- EG Trans
- EH March
- EJ Fairchild
- EJ Fairchild
- EK Diehl
- EL Wynder
- EL Wynder
- EL Wynder
- EM Mrak
- EP Lichtenstein
- EP Lichtenstein
- EP Ragelis
- ER Stephens
- ER Stephens
- EWE MacFarlane
- F Bakir
- F Kaudewitz
- F Kelly-Garvert
- F Mukai
- F Wesley
- FH Dickey
- FH Sobels
- FH Sobels
- FJ Serres de
- FK Zimmermann
- FS Johnson
- G Bosco
- G Brown
- G Deknudt
- G Fiskesjo
- G Fiskesjo
- G Freeman
- G Grimmer
- G Grimmer
- G Grimmer
- G Jagiello
- G Kimmerle
- G Kolmark
- G Löfroth
- G Löfroth
- G McConnell
- G Mohn
- G Obe
- G Schwanitz
- G Ter Haar
- GA Johnson
- GA Puschin
- GA Smirnov
- GA Summers
- GA Wheatley
- GA Wheatley
- GA Wheatley
- GB Neurath
- GC Decker
- GG Scansetti
- GH Scherr
- GJ Cleary
- GJ Cleary
- GL Waldbott
- GM Jagiello
- GM Woodwell
- GM Woodwell
- GM Woodwell
- GP Warwick
- GR Harvey
- H Brem
- H Elmenhorst
- H Elmenhorst
- H Hayatsu
- H Hayatsu
- H Hayatsu
- H Hayatsu
- H Hayatsu
- H Israel
- H Kuebler
- H Lliers
- H losaki
- H Nishioka
- H Stupfel
- HAC Mckay
- HB Strack
- HC Harrison
- HE Stokinger
- HE Stokinger
- HE Stokinger
- HE Stokinger
- HE Stokinger
- HG Kjïlmark
- HG Zachau
- HI Rook
- HJ Cohen
- HL Falk
- HS Johnston
- HS Johnston
- HS Rosenkranz
- HT Freebairn
- HV Mailing
- HV Mailing
- HV Weiss
- HW Georgii
- I Selikoff
- I Tessman
- I Tessman
- I Tessman
- I Tessman
- IA Dyachuk
- IA Rapoport
- J Ahlberg
- J Borneff
- J Borneff
- J Cramer
- J Daniel
- J Iball
- J Moutschen-Dahmen
- J Zdrazil
- JA Miller
- JA Prendergast
- JB Anderman
- JC Lovelock
- JE Lovelock
- JE Lovelock
- JE Sass
- JF Lech
- JF Powell
- JG Carr
- JG Saba
- JG Vos
- JG Vos
- JG Vos
- JL Creech
- JL Hamerton
- JM Clark
- JM Cohen
- JM Colucci
- JM Heuss
- JM Michalek
- JM Stuart
- JM Wood
- JN Pitts
- JN Roehm
- JOG Tatton
- JP Lodge
- JP Tracey
- JR Newsome
- JR Thompson
- JW Clayton
- JW Gillett
- K Schutz
- K Sperling
- K Teranishi
- KA Jensen
- KA Palmer
- KA Palmer
- KE Elgar
- KF Dyer
- KI Campbell
- KI Campbell
- KK Vrochinskil
- KP Ershova
- KR Tarrant
- KS Khera
- KT Semrau
- KW Wilson
- L Albanus
- L Bertilsson
- L Cory
- L DeMaio
- L Duuren Van
- L Ehrenberg
- L Ehrenburg
- L Fishbein
- L Fishbein
- L Fishbein
- L Fishbein
- L Fishbein
- L Hanslian
- L Kreyberg
- L Siddiqi
- L Tomatis
- L Tomatis
- L Tomatis
- LA Muro
- LA Ripperton
- LD Scheel
- LE Smith
- LG Goldwater
- LK Schneider
- LM Shabad
- LM Shabad
- LN Samoilovich
- LN Sukhoteplyi
- LR Reckner
- LS Altenberg
- LS Altenberg
- LS Jaffe
- LS Jaffe
- LS Jaffe
- LT Kurland
- M Bass
- M Bauchinger
- M Bauchinger
- M Corn
- M Demerec
- M Demerec
- M Demerec
- M Inoue
- M Klenfield
- M Menz
- M Sangioyanni
- M Simler
- M Staehelin
- M Umeda
- MA Belej
- MA Bender
- MB McElroy
- MB Slombka
- ME Wallace
- MF Brunelle
- MF Lyon
- MHL Green
- MJ Bird
- MJ Lyons
- MJ Molina
- MM Cohen
- MO Amdur
- MO Amdur
- MR Chevallier
- MR Garrigues
- MS Legator
- MS Rowland
- N Imura
- N Loprieno
- N Nashed
- N Nelson
- NE Hester
- NI Slepak
- NP Sheherbak
- NW Skvortsova
- OC Taylor
- OG Fahmy
- OG Fahmy
- OG Fahmy
- OI Joensuu
- P Crutzen
- P Kotin
- P Kotin
- P Kotin
- P Stocks
- P Urone
- PA Krenkel
- PA Leighton
- PA Leighton
- PC Blokker
- PD Lawley
- PE Coffey
- PE Polani
- PE Wilkniss
- PG Simmonds
- PG Simmonds
- PJ Crutzen
- PJ Crutzen
- PJ Crutzen
- PJ Crutzen
- PJ Lawther
- PL Viola
- PO Gerhadt
- PP Bemand
- PW Arnold
- R Brinkman
- R Brinkman
- R Chester
- R Fabre
- R Fahrig
- R Fahrig
- R Fischer
- R Göthe
- R Hamm
- R Hoopingarner
- R Latarjet
- R Prat
- R Reiter
- R Rudner
- R Schwaier
- R Shapiro
- R Tarjan
- R Wennerberg
- RA Duce
- RA Kehoe
- RE Lee
- RE Newell
- RE Waller
- RE Zelac
- RE Zelac
- RF Abernethy
- RF Abernethy
- RG Nash
- RH Fetner
- RH Fetner
- RH Gray
- RJ Cicerone
- RJ Foote
- RJ Freeman
- RJ Hickey
- RJ Jaeger
- RJ Jaeger
- RL Stenburg
- RL Stenburg
- RM Hicks
- RO Recknagel
- RP Hangebrauck
- RP Singhal
- RS Berry
- RS Stolarski
- RS Vodyanik
- RS Yunghans
- RW Barrett
- RW Cook
- RW Risebrough
- RW Risebrough
- RW Risebrough
- S Benser
- S Garrett
- S Green
- S Jensen
- S Jensen
- S Juhe
- S Kiryu
- S MacLean
- S Rosenkranz
- S Secretariat
- S Skerving
- S Werthamer
- S Werthamer
- SA Bengtson
- SC Wofsy
- SE Bresler
- SH Mudd
- SH Williston
- SK Hall
- SL Kopczynski
- SS Brar
- SS Epstein
- SS Epstein
- SS Epstein
- SS Epstein
- SS Epstein
- SS Epstein
- SS Epstein
- SS Epstein
- SSL Fowler
- T Alderson
- T Dobzhansky
- T Dobzhansky
- T Dobzhansky
- T Dumas
- T Dumas
- TC Butler
- TF Slater
- TH Maugh
- TJ Peterle
- TM Donahue
- TR Lewis
- TR Vaughn
- TS Chow
- U Furuichi
- U Rannug
- US Geol
- V Del Vecchio
- V Maser
- VC Foltz
- VF Denisou
- Vinyl chloride
- VJ Schaefer
- VJ Schaefer
- VS Filatova
- VS Turusov
- W Buselmaier
- W Sachsenmaier
- W Schneider
- W Vielmetter
- WA Cook
- WA Feder
- WA Olson
- WA Pryor
- WF Oettingen Van
- WG Agnew
- WG Verly
- WH Fischer
- WJ Hamming
- WP Spencer
- Y Harada
- Z Jegier
- Publication venue
- 'Springer Science and Business Media LLC'
- Publication date
- 01/01/1976
- Field of study
Elimination of substances from the brain parenchyma: efflux via perivascular pathways and via the blood-brain barrier.
- Author
- A Aspelund
- A Burkhart
- A Carruthers
- A Carruthers
- A Carruthers
- A Crowe
- A Garg
- A Gjedde
- A Gjedde
- A Gjedde
- A Gjedde
- A Gjedde
- A Hamberger
- A Kakee
- A Kakee
- A Keable
- A Lomakin
- A Louveau
- A Louveau
- A Martinez-Hernandez
- A Montagne
- A Obaidat
- A Ramanathan
- A Regina
- A Sagare
- A Sahar
- A Soontornmalai
- A Vladic
- A Widera
- A-S Abdul-Ghani
- AA Shestov
- AC Guyton
- AD Pickar
- AE Fray
- AH Schinkel
- AJ Cooper
- AJ Cura
- AJ Cura
- AJ Cura
- AJ Smith
- AJ Smith
- AJL Cooper
- AJL Cooper
- AK Diem
- AL Betz
- AL Betz
- AL Betz
- AL Betz
- AM Hartz
- AM Mans
- AM Suhy
- AMS Hartz
- AMS Hartz
- AP Dick
- AP Sagare
- AR Gardner-Medwin
- AR Gardner-Medwin
- AR Gardner-Medwin
- AR Gardner-Medwin
- AR Jones
- AR Nelson
- AT Nies
- AV Lorenzo
- AWJ Morris
- AWJ Morris
- B Bedussi
- B Bedussi
- B Bedussi
- B Engelhardt
- B Engelhardt
- B Hagenbuch
- B Hagenbuch
- B Jeynes
- B Quistorff
- B-J Jin
- BA Plog
- BA Plog
- BE Enerson
- BM Rotoli
- BN Preston
- BT Kress
- BV Zlokovic
- BV Zlokovic
- C Cangiano
- C Chaves
- C Chiu
- C Cordon-Cardo
- C Crone
- C Crone
- C Crone
- C Crone
- C Gakuba
- C Haass
- C Haass
- C Meier
- C Nicholson
- C Nicholson
- C Nicholson
- C Spanaki
- CA Farthing
- CA Hawkes
- CA Hawkes
- CA Hawkes
- CA Lipinski
- CC Visser
- CD Morrone
- CD Pereira
- CH Dejong
- CJ Taylor
- CL Farrell
- CL Farrell
- CM Diaz-Garcia
- CM Plum
- CN Hall
- CS Patlak
- CS Patlak
- CV Zerbinatti
- CW Fong
- D Attwell
- D Deng
- D Fotiadis
- D Harold
- D Kovacsics
- D Kuhnke
- D Sugiyama
- D Virgintino
- DA Haydon
- DA Haydon
- DC Johnson
- DC Tarlungeanu
- DH Sweet
- DJ Begley
- DJ Begley
- DJ Reed
- DJ Wolak
- DL Oxender
- DL Oxender
- DL Rothman
- DL Rothman
- DL Rothman
- DL Rothman
- DL Yudilevich
- DM Regen
- DM Regen
- DME Assema van
- DME Assema van
- DP Rall
- DP Rall
- DR Enzmann
- DR Groothuis
- DR Thal
- DS Dunlop
- DS Dunlop
- DS Dunlop
- DS Miller
- E Aronica
- E Dolgodilina
- E Preston
- E Preston
- E Preston
- E Sykova
- E Uden Van
- EA Bering Jr
- EA Vliet van
- EC Lange de
- EC McNay
- EC McNay
- EG Chikhale
- EG Geier
- EH McGale
- EL Boespflug
- EL King
- EM Cornford
- ENTP Bakker
- EP Strecker
- ET Zhang
- ET Zhang
- EV Batrakova
- F Boumezbeur
- F Frigerio
- F Herve
- F Hyder
- F Thiebaut
- F Verrey
- FC Lam
- FF Zhou
- FH Netter
- FJ Sharom
- FL McIntee
- G Altenberg
- G Banos
- G Bu
- G Jedlitschky
- G Lee
- G Nagra
- G Ringstad
- G Stark
- G Thovert
- GA Dienel
- GA Dienel
- GA Dienel
- GA Dienel
- GA Dienel
- GA Dienel
- GA Rosenberg
- GD Silverberg
- GD Silverberg
- GE Mann
- GF Mason
- GF Mason
- GI Strauss
- GK Gandhi
- GM Franklin
- GM Knudsen
- GM Knudsen
- H Asaba
- H Benrabh
- H Benveniste
- H Benveniste
- H Bronger
- H Davson
- H Davson
- H Davson
- H Davson
- H Davson
- H Davson
- H Davson
- H Gutmann
- H Koepsell
- H Kusuhara
- H Lund-Andersen
- H Matsuo
- H Mestre
- H Motulsky
- H Qosa
- H Qosa
- H Sun
- H Waterbeemd van de
- H Yamaguchi
- HB Chun
- HC Buniatian
- HC Cooray
- HC Wijesuriya
- HCC Helms
- HCC Helms
- HF Cserr
- HF Cserr
- HF Cserr
- HF Cserr
- HF Cserr
- HF Cserr
- HH Damkier
- HJ Reulen
- HJ Wagner
- HR Mahler
- HS Bachelard
- HS Bachelard
- HT Hutchison
- I Bello
- I Brasnjevic
- I Jacobson
- I Leusen
- I Loryan
- I Lundgaard
- I Lundgaard
- I Sugawara
- I Szentistvanyi
- IA Simpson
- IA Simpson
- IA Simpson
- IR Cameron
- IY Choi
- J Cuppoletti
- J Fenstermacher
- J Hull
- J Huwyler
- J Kamiie
- J Lerma
- J Pfeuffer
- J Praetorius
- J Rey
- J Zekonyte
- J-C Lambert
- JA Coles
- JA Gratton
- JB Fishman
- JC Lee
- JC Villegas
- JD Fenstermacher
- JD Fenstermacher
- JD Fenstermacher
- JD Harper
- JE Holden
- JE Preston
- JE Sperringer
- JJ Iliff
- JJ Iliff
- JJ Iliff
- JJ Iliff
- JJ Lochhead
- JM Finke
- JM Lajoie
- JM Pell
- JM Petit
- JM Tarasoff-Conway
- JMN Duarte
- JMN Duarte
- JO Eichling
- JP Kinney
- JR Burdo
- JR Cirrito
- JR Cirrito
- JR Levick
- JT Brosnan
- K Hosoya
- K Ohno
- K Takasawa
- K Takizawa
- K-I Hosoya
- KA Duck
- KA Nalecz
- KE Holter
- KF Roberts
- KG Mawuenyega
- KK Ball
- KR Duffy
- L Abuqayyas
- L Chen
- L Koh
- L Li
- L Li
- L Napolitano
- L Sokoloff
- L Sokoloff
- L Xie
- L Ye
- LB Jaeger
- LF Barros
- LK Fellows
- LM Levy
- LM Roberts
- LM Satlin
- LM Tai
- LR Drewes
- LS Eriksson
- LV Sinclair
- M Absinta
- M Arbel-Ornath
- M Asgari
- M Asgari
- M Asgari
- M Calero
- M Fillenz
- M Friden
- M Johnston
- M Leggas
- M Nedergaard
- M Pollay
- M Ries
- M Roth
- M Shayo
- M Shibata
- M Taslimifar
- M Yudkoff
- M Yudkoff
- M Yudkoff
- M Yudkoff
- M Zorko
- M-J Hannocks
- MA Erickson
- MA Hediger
- MA Pappolla
- MD Habgood
- ME Conway
- ME O’Donnell
- ME Pizzo
- ME Pizzo
- MF Thompson
- MG Proescholdt
- MG Vries de
- MH Abraham
- MH Abraham
- MH Abraham
- MH Abraham
- MH Abraham
- MI Papisov
- MJ Kamlet
- MJ Purves
- MJ Simon
- MK Dalsgaard
- MK Miah
- MK Sharp
- ML Rennels
- ML Rennels
- MM Sharp
- MMS Pino del
- MP Lambert
- MP McInerney
- MS Warren
- MW Bradbury
- MW Bradbury
- MW Brightman
- MW Brightman
- MW Smith
- MWB Bradbury
- MWB Bradbury
- MWB Bradbury
- N Bodor
- N Iwata
- N Iwata
- N Korogod
- N MacAulay
- N Ruderisch
- N Strazielle
- N Strazielle
- N Strazielle
- N Yan
- N Zerangue
- NF Cruz
- NF Cruz
- NJ Abbott
- NJ Abbott
- NJ Abbott
- NJ Albargothy
- NR Sibson
- NT Zervas
- NU Barua
- O Amtorp
- O Lazarov
- OB Paulson
- OH Lowry
- OHJ Blanc Le
- P Breedveld
- P Campos-Bedolla
- P Candela
- P Cardellicangiano
- P Felig
- P Hortschansky
- P Seeman
- P Yan
- PA Stewart
- PHE Smeets
- PJ Magistretti
- PK Eide
- PL Madsen
- PL Tuma
- PM Buschiazzo
- PM Daniel
- PM Daniel
- PM Pimentel-Coelho
- PR Cooper
- PT Fox
- PT Ronaldson
- Q Ma
- QR Smith
- QR Smith
- QR Smith
- QR Smith
- QR Smith
- R Benz
- R Benz
- R Bongiovanni
- R Daneman
- R Daneman
- R Deane
- R Deane
- R Deane
- R Deves
- R Duelli
- R Goulay
- R Gruetter
- R Gruetter
- R Kikuchi
- R Kikuchi
- R Kohen
- R Potter
- R Sakai
- R Shawahna
- R Spector
- R Spector
- R Spector
- RA Hawkins
- RA Hawkins
- RA Hawkins
- RA Mitchell
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- S Leuthold
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- Y Zhang
- Y Zhang
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- YJ Yu
- YJY Zuchero
- Z Redzic
- Z Zhang
- Z Zhao
- Z Zhao
- ZB Redzic
- ZB Redzic
- ZB Redzic
- Publication venue
- Fluids Barriers CNS
- Publication date
- 01/10/2018
- Field of study
This review considers efflux of substances from brain parenchyma quantified as values of clearances (CL, stated in µL g-1 min-1). Total clearance of a substance is the sum of clearance values for all available routes including perivascular pathways and the blood-brain barrier. Perivascular efflux contributes to the clearance of all water-soluble substances. Substances leaving via the perivascular routes may enter cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) or lymph. These routes are also involved in entry to the parenchyma from CSF. However, evidence demonstrating net fluid flow inwards along arteries and then outwards along veins (the glymphatic hypothesis) is still lacking. CLperivascular, that via perivascular routes, has been measured by following the fate of exogenously applied labelled tracer amounts of sucrose, inulin or serum albumin, which are not metabolized or eliminated across the blood-brain barrier. With these substances values of total CL ≅ 1 have been measured. Substances that are eliminated at least partly by other routes, i.e. across the blood-brain barrier, have higher total CL values. Substances crossing the blood-brain barrier may do so by passive, non-specific means with CLblood-brain barrier values ranging from  1000 for water and CO2. CLblood-brain barrier values for many small solutes are predictable from their oil/water partition and molecular weight. Transporters specific for glucose, lactate and many polar substrates facilitate efflux across the blood-brain barrier producing CLblood-brain barrier values > 50. The principal route for movement of Na+ and Cl- ions across the blood-brain barrier is probably paracellular through tight junctions between the brain endothelial cells producing CLblood-brain barrier values ~ 1. There are large fluxes of amino acids into and out of the brain across the blood-brain barrier but only small net fluxes have been observed suggesting substantial reuse of essential amino acids and α-ketoacids within the brain. Amyloid-β efflux, which is measurably faster than efflux of inulin, is primarily across the blood-brain barrier. Amyloid-β also leaves the brain parenchyma via perivascular efflux and this may be important as the route by which amyloid-β reaches arterial walls resulting in cerebral amyloid angiopathy
Elimination of substances from the brain parenchyma: efflux via perivascular pathways and via the blood–brain barrier
- Author
- A Aspelund
- A Burkhart
- A Carruthers
- A Carruthers
- A Carruthers
- A Crowe
- A Garg
- A Gjedde
- A Gjedde
- A Gjedde
- A Gjedde
- A Gjedde
- A Hamberger
- A Kakee
- A Kakee
- A Keable
- A Lomakin
- A Louveau
- A Louveau
- A Martinez-Hernandez
- A Montagne
- A Obaidat
- A Ramanathan
- A Regina
- A Sagare
- A Sahar
- A Soontornmalai
- A Vladic
- A Widera
- A-S Abdul-Ghani
- AA Shestov
- AC Guyton
- AD Pickar
- AE Fray
- AH Schinkel
- AJ Cooper
- AJ Cura
- AJ Cura
- AJ Cura
- AJ Smith
- AJ Smith
- AJL Cooper
- AJL Cooper
- AK Diem
- AL Betz
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- AL Betz
- AL Betz
- AM Hartz
- AM Mans
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- AP Dick
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- AR Gardner-Medwin
- AR Gardner-Medwin
- AR Gardner-Medwin
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- AR Nelson
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- AV Lorenzo
- AWJ Morris
- AWJ Morris
- B Bedussi
- B Bedussi
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- B Engelhardt
- B Engelhardt
- B Hagenbuch
- B Hagenbuch
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- C Haass
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- S Broer
- S Bruckmann
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- S Cisternino
- S Dallas
- S Dauchy
- S Eyal
- S Gazzin
- S Ito
- S Kida
- S Leuthold
- S Liu
- S Mori
- S Ohtsuki
- S Ohtsuki
- S Ohtsuki
- S Ohtsuki
- S Ohtsuki
- S Seetharaman
- S Takagi
- S Vogelgesang
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- T Eisenblatter
- T Ichimura
- T Kanekiyo
- T Kanekiyo
- T Kanekiyo
- T Kitazawa
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- T Moos
- T Pflanzner
- T Rosenberg
- T Saido
- T Suzuki
- T Tatsuta
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- WM Pardridge
- WM Pardridge
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- WR Lieb
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- WW Cleland
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- Y Kanai
- Y Kubo
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- Y Raviv
- Y Uchida
- Y Zhang
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- YJY Zuchero
- Z Redzic
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- Z Zhao
- Z Zhao
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- 'Springer Science and Business Media LLC'
- Publication date
- Field of study