The floor in the interplanetary magnetic field: Estimation on the basis of relative duration of ICME observations in solar wind during 1976-2000

To measure the floor in interplanetary magnetic field and estimate the time- invariant open magnetic flux of Sun, it is necessary to know a part of magnetic field of Sun carried away by CMEs. In contrast with previous papers, we did not use global solar parameters: we identified different large-scale types of solar wind for 1976-2000 interval, obtained a fraction of interplanetary CMEs (ICMEs) and calculated magnitude of interplanetary magnetic field B averaged over 2 Carrington rotations. The floor of magnetic field is estimated as B value at solar cycle minimum when the ICMEs were not observed and it was calculated to be 4,65 \pm 6,0 nT. Obtained value is in a good agreement with previous results.Comment: 10 pages, 2 figures, submitted in GR

A new calibrated sunspot group series since 1749: statistics of active day fractions

Although the sunspot-number series have existed since the mid-19th century, they are still the subject of intense debate, with the largest uncertainty being related to the "calibration" of the visual acuity of individual observers in the past. Daisy-chain regression methods are applied to inter-calibrate the observers which may lead to significant bias and error accumulation. Here we present a novel method to calibrate the visual acuity of the key observers to the reference data set of Royal Greenwich Observatory sunspot groups for the period 1900-1976, using the statistics of the active-day fraction. For each observer we independently evaluate their observational thresholds [S_S] defined such that the observer is assumed to miss all of the groups with an area smaller than S_S and report all the groups larger than S_S. Next, using a Monte-Carlo method we construct, from the reference data set, a correction matrix for each observer. The correction matrices are significantly non-linear and cannot be approximated by a linear regression or proportionality. We emphasize that corrections based on a linear proportionality between annually averaged data lead to serious biases and distortions of the data. The correction matrices are applied to the original sunspot group records for each day, and finally the composite corrected series is produced for the period since 1748. The corrected series displays secular minima around 1800 (Dalton minimum) and 1900 (Gleissberg minimum), as well as the Modern grand maximum of activity in the second half of the 20th century. The uniqueness of the grand maximum is confirmed for the last 250 years. It is shown that the adoption of a linear relationship between the data of Wolf and Wolfer results in grossly inflated group numbers in the 18th and 19th centuries in some reconstructions

Search for Gravitational Waves Associated with Gamma-Ray Bursts Detected by Fermi and Swift during the LIGO-Virgo Run O3b

We search for gravitational-wave signals associated with gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) detected by the Fermi and Swift satellites during the second half of the third observing run of Advanced LIGO and Advanced Virgo (2019 November 1 15:00 UTC-2020 March 27 17:00 UTC). We conduct two independent searches: A generic gravitational-wave transients search to analyze 86 GRBs and an analysis to target binary mergers with at least one neutron star as short GRB progenitors for 17 events. We find no significant evidence for gravitational-wave signals associated with any of these GRBs. A weighted binomial test of the combined results finds no evidence for subthreshold gravitational-wave signals associated with this GRB ensemble either. We use several source types and signal morphologies during the searches, resulting in lower bounds on the estimated distance to each GRB. Finally, we constrain the population of low-luminosity short GRBs using results from the first to the third observing runs of Advanced LIGO and Advanced Virgo. The resulting population is in accordance with the local binary neutron star merger rate. © 2022. The Author(s). Published by the American Astronomical Society

Narrowband Searches for Continuous and Long-duration Transient Gravitational Waves from Known Pulsars in the LIGO-Virgo Third Observing Run

Isolated neutron stars that are asymmetric with respect to their spin axis are possible sources of detectable continuous gravitational waves. This paper presents a fully coherent search for such signals from eighteen pulsars in data from LIGO and Virgo's third observing run (O3). For known pulsars, efficient and sensitive matched-filter searches can be carried out if one assumes the gravitational radiation is phase-locked to the electromagnetic emission. In the search presented here, we relax this assumption and allow both the frequency and the time derivative of the frequency of the gravitational waves to vary in a small range around those inferred from electromagnetic observations. We find no evidence for continuous gravitational waves, and set upper limits on the strain amplitude for each target. These limits are more constraining for seven of the targets than the spin-down limit defined by ascribing all rotational energy loss to gravitational radiation. In an additional search, we look in O3 data for long-duration (hours-months) transient gravitational waves in the aftermath of pulsar glitches for six targets with a total of nine glitches. We report two marginal outliers from this search, but find no clear evidence for such emission either. The resulting duration-dependent strain upper limits do not surpass indirect energy constraints for any of these targets. © 2022. The Author(s). Published by the American Astronomical Society

Current studies of K?-lau-ea and Mauna Kea Volcanoes by the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory of the U.S. Geological Survey

Western Region, National Park Service, Contract #CX8000 6 003

Giljanskij Jazyk

This is a translation of the original book entitled: Giljanskij Jazyk. It includes an additional appendix containing an interlinearized version of the Gilaki texts.  English translation editing and expanded content by Ronald M. Lockwood Original Abstract This monograph presents a description of one of the insufficiently explored Iranian languages widespread in the Northern part of Iran (in the province of Gilan). A description of the phonetic and grammatical system of the Gilaki language is given therein. Texts (examples of conversational language and connected narrative) taken down by Gilaki authors now in the USSR are the basis of the grammatical analysis. At the end of the work the Gilaki texts and their translations into Russian are added. Ronald M. Lockwood's foreword  Seeing that this book was a significant work on the Gilaki language, some years ago I sought to have it translated to English. I recognized the high quality of the research and believed the work to be one of the best of its kind on the subject. I undertook a complete reformatting and editing of the book so that it could be made available to the linguistic community. I decided to also undertake the task of interlinearizing all of the texts included in this work. In appendix A you will find the original Gilaki texts with the free translation immediately below each sentence. This differs from the original book in which each Gilaki text was followed by a free translation text. The free translation line is an English translation of the original Russian free translation. In appendix B you will find an interlinearized version of the texts. Three lines are provided; the vernacular divided into morphemes, the corresponding English glosses for the vernacular morphemes and a free translation line. In appendix B the English free translation has been revised as necessary to give a more accurate English free translation of the Gilaki vernacular. The body of the book has been reformatted to make it easier to read. Sections and subsections have been added. Example sentences have been formatted and listed as numbered examples. Numbered tables and figures have also been included. Note that for some example sentences no reference is given. This is because the sentence is not from the texts included in the appendices. In the online version of this book, I added extensive linking between the examples and the texts. The user can click on an example’s reference and be taken to the text containing that example in appendix A. From appendix A the user can click to see the corresponding interlinear example in appendix B. All of the language and gloss data has been color coded.

Giljanskij Jazyk

This is a translation of the original book entitled: Giljanskij Jazyk. It includes an additional appendix containing an interlinearized version of the Gilaki texts.  English translation editing and expanded content by Ronald M. Lockwood Original Abstract This monograph presents a description of one of the insufficiently explored Iranian languages widespread in the Northern part of Iran (in the province of Gilan). A description of the phonetic and grammatical system of the Gilaki language is given therein. Texts (examples of conversational language and connected narrative) taken down by Gilaki authors now in the USSR are the basis of the grammatical analysis. At the end of the work the Gilaki texts and their translations into Russian are added. Ronald M. Lockwood's foreword  Seeing that this book was a significant work on the Gilaki language, some years ago I sought to have it translated to English. I recognized the high quality of the research and believed the work to be one of the best of its kind on the subject. I undertook a complete reformatting and editing of the book so that it could be made available to the linguistic community. I decided to also undertake the task of interlinearizing all of the texts included in this work. In appendix A you will find the original Gilaki texts with the free translation immediately below each sentence. This differs from the original book in which each Gilaki text was followed by a free translation text. The free translation line is an English translation of the original Russian free translation. In appendix B you will find an interlinearized version of the texts. Three lines are provided; the vernacular divided into morphemes, the corresponding English glosses for the vernacular morphemes and a free translation line. In appendix B the English free translation has been revised as necessary to give a more accurate English free translation of the Gilaki vernacular. The body of the book has been reformatted to make it easier to read. Sections and subsections have been added. Example sentences have been formatted and listed as numbered examples. Numbered tables and figures have also been included. Note that for some example sentences no reference is given. This is because the sentence is not from the texts included in the appendices. In the online version of this book, I added extensive linking between the examples and the texts. The user can click on an example’s reference and be taken to the text containing that example in appendix A. From appendix A the user can click to see the corresponding interlinear example in appendix B. All of the language and gloss data has been color coded.