Draft Dictionary of Synonymic-Antonymic Complexes: Problems of Lexicographic Interpretation of Typical Semantics and Ways to Solve Them

The new lexicographic project of the Ural semantic school, the Large Ideographic Dictionary of Synonymic-Antonymic Complexes, the concept of which is generally developed and is currently being implemented in the process of writing dictionary articles, is highlighted. It is noted that in Russian lexicography there are no comprehensive dictionaries based on the integrative consideration of synonyms and antonyms in their unity, which determines the relevance of creating new lexicographic sources. For the first time, a fundamentally new lexical set was chosen as the object of lexicographic description - a synonymic-antonymic complex, which has a unique structural-semantic organization based on the integration of units connected simultaneously by relations of opposites (antonyms) and identities (synonyms). The principal novelty of the project also lies in the fact that it provides an ideographic description of synonymic-antonymic complexes, which are distributed in the global structure of the dictionary, taking into account their general type semantics, by spheres, fields, classes, groups and subgroups. The author pays special attention to the problem of lexicographic interpretation of the integral type semantics of the entire synonymic-antonymic complex, as well as the type semantics of its main subgroups and the individual semantics of private antonymic oppositions. The solutions to this problem are given

Types of Lexical Sets in Structural-Semantic, Cognitive-Discursive and Lexicographic Coverage: Dynamics of Interpretations

The dynamics of understanding lexical sets in theoretical and practical aspects over the past 50 years is provided, highlighting the main stages of their identification, study and interpretation features in the light of various scientific approaches: structural-semantic, functional-linguistic, cognitive-discourse, lexicographic, determining the system of principles of their identification, formation of the composition and description of the structural organization. The results of a multidimensional study of lexical sets of different types as an integral dynamic system, that have received multiple interpretations both in theoretical research and in ideographic dictionaries, are presented. The following types of sets are considered: lexical-semantic, functional-lexical, denotative-ideographic, semantic-syntactic, complex lexical-phraseological, synonymous-antonymic, conceptual-discursive. The research is carried out on the material of ideographic dictionaries created by lexicographers of the Ural Semantic School. Examples of descriptions of linguistic and speech sets with emotive semantics presented in a series of these dictionaries are used as illustrative material. The study showed that over half a century, lexical set theory has advanced significantly due to the situation of polyparadigmality in linguistics. It is noted that in such circumstances, different approaches to the study of sets of language and speech units were formed, the identification of fundamentally new semantic associations was substantiated, their typology was developed, the sources, factors and principles of their formation were characterized

“No, not the Moon, but a Bright Dial...” (O. E. Mandelstam): Experience of Poetic-Ideographic Analysis

The principles of the formation of the author’s poetic ideography are highlighted — a new direction in the study of poetic texts, which is currently developing at the intersection of theoretical and practical ideography and author’s lexicography. The main goal of this approach is to identify and describe the individual author’s poetic pictures of the world and their representations in lexicographic parameters. Both the general model of the proposed poetic-ideographic analysis and the main theoretical concepts associated with the new cognitive-discursive approach to the interpretation of a poetic text are presented in the article. They are: a global individual-author’s worldview, a local picture of a fragment of the world, which in the dictionary have features their representation within the framework of various structures: integral global-event, local-fragmentary, macro- and micro-situational. They are used in the process of poetic-ideographic analysis of the poem “No, not the moon, but a bright dial...” (O. E. Mandelstam), carried out in the proposed article on the basis of the developed analysis model, its main stages, and tasks. The prospect of the research is the study of the integral individual-author’s worldview of O. E. Mandelstam, presented in the first edition of the book “Stone”, as well as the compilation of the author’s ideographic dictionary of the poet’s language

Linguopsychology Based on the Methods of Cognitive Studies: The Lexicographic Aspect

Поступила в редакцию: 17.12.2019. Принята к печати: 14.07.2020.Submitted: 17.12.2019. Accepted: 14.07.2020.В статье ставится вопрос о лингвопсихологии — новом междисциплинарном направлении лингвистики, которое предметно пересекается с психологией и методологически взаимодействует с когнитологией. Намечаются этапы ее становления, выявляются подходы к изучению эмоций, их классификации и варианты отображения результатов исследования в идеографических словарях. Целью исследования стало выявление закономерностей категоризации эмоций на основе когнитивных технологий, используемых в лингвопсихологии при интерпретации лексики, репрезентирующей эмоции, в описании ее системной организации на основе принципа полипарадигмальности и отображения результатов исследования в формате идеографических словарей. В процессе разработки проблемы использовался комплекс методов лингвистического и лингвокогнитивного анализа: теоретический анализ и разработка предметной области «Лингвопсихология», эмпирическое исследование эмотивной лексики с применением структурно-семантического, денотативно-идеографического, парадигматического, компонентного и когнитивно-дискурсивного видов анализа. На завершающем этапе результаты оформлялись в лексикографических параметрах. Результатом стала многоаспектная категоризация эмотивной лексики (около 21 тыс. слов), на основе которой создан новый идеографический словарь «Алфавит эмоций: словарь-тезаурус эмотивной лексики», где лексика с опорой на когнитивные технологии и стратегии распределена по 39 тематическим группам, отображающим основные эмоции русского человека, и 312 подгруппам, обозначающим их разновидности. Впервые лингвистическими методами на основе принципа полипарадигмальности эмотивная лексика получила множественную классификацию, отразившуюся в глобальной структуре нового словаря, в вершине которой располагаются денотативно-идеографические группы (Вдохновение; Горе; Радость и др.), а внутри них выделены подгруппы с учетом отображения регулярных вариантов семантико-грамматической интерпретации эмоций, таких как эмоциональное состояние, отношение, становление эмоций, воздействие, внешнее выражение, характеризация, качество, человек как носитель эмоций. Материалы публикации будут полезны как лингвистам, так и специалистам в области психологии эмоций, они найдут применение в лингвопсихологии, лингвокогнитологии и лексикографии, в учебных курсах, связанных с изучением внутреннего мира человека.This article focuses on linguopsychology, a new interdisciplinary branch of linguistics which shares the subject matter with psychology and relies on the methods of cognitive studies. The author describes the stages of its establishment, examining the specifics of studying emotions, the role of their categorisation, and how the corresponding research results could be reflected in ideographic dictionaries. The aim of the research is to reveal the patterns underlying the categorisation of emotions based on cognitive technologies used in linguopsychology when interpreting emotions-related vocabulary to describe its systemic organisation with reference to the principle of multiple paradigms and reflecting research results in the form of ideographic dictionaries. For the purposes of the research, the author employs a number of methods of linguistic and linguo-cognitive analysis, carrying out a theoretical analysis of linguopsychology as a separate subject area; empirically, the study of emotive vocabulary relies on structural and semantic, denotative and ideographic, paradigmatic, componential, definitional, and conceptual and cognitive discourse analyses. The results of the research are presented according to lexicographic parameters. At the final stage of the research, the author categorises the emotive vocabulary according to a number of aspects (singling out around 21 000 words) and compiles a new ideographic dictionary An Alphabet of Emotions: A Thesaurus of Emotive Vocabulary. In the dictionary, referring to cognitive technologies and strategies, the vocabulary is divided into 39 thematic groups reflecting the basic emotion of the Russian person, and 312 subgroups denoting their variations. Employing linguistic methods and referring to the principle of multiple paradigms and a complex of research aspects, the author provides the first ever multicategory classification of emotive vocabulary which is reflected in the global structure of the new dictionary, with denotative ideographic groups at the top (Inspiration (Rus. вдохновение), Sorrow (Rus. горе), Joy (Rus. радость), etc.) which fall into subgroups taking into account some regular parameters employed for the interpretation of emotions, i.e. emotional state, attitude, formation of emotions, influence, outer expression, characterisation, quality, and individual as a bearer of emotions. The materials of the publication may be useful both to linguists and to specialists in the psychology of emotions. Additionally, the results of the research may be used for further studies in different fields, i.e. linguopsychology, linguistic cognitive studies, and lexicography as well as in courses focusing on the examination of the inner world of an individual.The research is financially supported by the Russian Science Foundation (project 16-18-02005 “Representation and Interpretation of the Inner World of a Person in Russian: Semantics, Discourse, Pragmatics”).Исследование выполнено при поддержке Российского научного фонда (проект 16-18-02005 «Репрезентация и интерпретация внутреннего мира человека в русском языке: семантика, дискурс, прагматика»)

Discourse “Declaration of Love”: Problem of Automatic Identification (Works of A. P. Chekhov»)

The problem of revealing the “Declaration of Love” discourse in works of art is considered. The author’s development on the automatic detection of the situation of declaration of love, tested on the material of the work of A. P. Chekhov, is presented. The search was carried out on the basis of the Russian National Corpus. In total, more than 200 texts have been identified containing textual representations of the situation of declaration of love. 40 out of 200 texts are identified by the authors of the article as the most fully representative of the desired situation. The set of textual passages describing it is viewed as a cognitive-discursive set of declarations of love. The development of the algorithm was carried out based on the identification of the cognitive schemes of the writer and the statistical analysis of the lexical composition of the situation of declaration of love. Among the frequency components of the cognitive model, which A. P. Chekhov follows in describing the process of declaring love, an open space filled with plants, birds, etc. was revealed. In the general cognitive-discursive set of declarations of love, the nuclear and satellite zones were identified and analyzed, the lexical components of which belong to certain functional-semantic classes and functional-semantic groups

Steel Micro-alloying with Boron: A Perspective Direction to Reduce the Consumption of Manganese Ferroalloys

Manganese ferroalloys occupy a strategically important place in the total production of ferroalloys, since no steel grade can be made without the manganese addition. Today, the metallurgical complex of Russia is fully dependent on imports of manganese products (raw ore and ferroalloys), so special attention should be paid to the issues of more rational use of manganese. In particular, one should more widely use the methods of direct micro-alloying of steel with manganese in steel-smelting units and ladle-furnaces unit (LFU) and expand the range of high-strength steel with reduced manganese content, micro-alloyed with high-performance elements. Among the micro-alloying elements, a special place is occupied by boron. Its introduction into the metal in the amount of 0.001–0.005% makes it possible to save expensive and scarce alloying elements, in particular manganese, and to provide an increase in the strength of steel without reducing ductility. The results of the studies of the physicochemical properties of slags of the system CaO–SiO2–B2O3–Al2O3–MgO had formed the basis for the technology development for the formation of basic boron-containing slags, that implementation at the LFU in the converter shop of JSC “ArcelorMittal Temirtau” provided the smelting of boron-containing steel economically doped with manganese with low-content of sulfur and high strength and plastic properties. The developed technology provided, depending on the steel grade, a boron content of 0.001–0.008% by weight, low concentration of sulfur in the metal, not more than 0.004–0.014% by weight, and reducing the manganese ferroalloys consumption from 0.5 to 1.4 kg/ton of steel. Keywords: pipe steel, manganese, sulfur, boron, mechanical properties, structur

Antimicrobial and therapeutic effect of probiotics in cases of experimental purulent wounds

Probiotics based on bacteria of the genus Bacillus with a multifactorial mechanism of action are considered as a possible alternative to antibiotics in the treatment of purulent wounds. The aim of the study was to determine the antimicrobial and therapeutic effect of the Arederma probiotic preparation containing probiotic strains of the genus Bacillus in an experimental model of a purulent wound in animals. The antimicrobial efficacy of the probiotic against test strains and clinical isolates of pathogenic and opportunistic microorganisms was studied using the method of delayed antagonism. Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538 and Streptococcus pyogenes K-7 were used to model a purulent wound. From the surface of the wounds, bacteria of Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas genera and Enterobacteriaceae family were sown on appropriate selective media for the cultivation and enumeration of different groups of microorganisms by generally accepted microbiological research methods. The formation of a purulent wound in rabbits caused by mechanical skin damage and subsequent double infection with Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538 and Streptococcus pyogenes K-7 strains was accompanied with a pronounced inflammatory process, necrosis, the formation of purulent exudate and general intoxication. Representatives of the genera Staphylococcus and Streptococcus, microscopic fungi and, to a lesser extent, members of the family Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonas were found on the surface of purulent wounds, which confirmed the development of the infectious-inflammatory process. Treatment of purulent wounds with a suspension of probiotic preparation once a day for 4 days led to their faster healing (gradual attenuation of the inflammatory process, reduction of edema and discharge, as well as their disappearance) compared with untreated purulent wounds (control). Representatives of the Staphylococcus and Streptococcus genera, as well as microscopic fungi, presented in purulent wounds treated with probiotic preparation in much smaller numbers than in the control, and bacteria of the Pseudomonas genus and the Enterobacteriaceae family were not detected at all. The effective antimicrobial effect of this probiotic preparation against opportunistic and pathogenic microorganisms was confirmed by in vitro studies. Therefore, the Arederma probiotic preparation showed an effective therapeutic and antimicrobial effect in the experimental model of a purulent wound in animals, so it can be recommended for further preclinical and clinical studies

The Hilbert-Schmidt Theorem Formulation of the R-Matrix Theory

Using the Hilbert-Schmidt theorem, we reformulate the R-matrix theory in terms of a uniformly and absolutely convergent expansion. Term by term differentiation is possible with this expansion in the neighborhood of the surface. Methods for improving the convergence are discussed when the R-function series is truncated for practical applications.Comment: 16 pages, Late

Study of possibility of cerium reduction from slags of CaO-SiO2-Ce2O3-15%Al2O3-8%MgO system

By means of theoretical and experimental studies it is shown that it is possible to reduction cerium from the slags of the CaO-SiO2-Ce2O3 system containing 15%Al2O3 and 8 % MgO, by aluminum dissolved in metal, at temperatures of 1550 and 1650 C. The results of mathematical modeling are presented graphically as 'composition - equilibrium content of cerium in metal' diagrams. It is found that depending on temperature of metal, basicity of slag and the content of cerium oxide, from 0.055 to 16 ppm cerium passes into metal containing 0.06 % of carbon, 0.25 % of silicon and 0.055 % of aluminium. Positive influence of the temperature factor, basicity of slags and the content of cerium oxide in a studied range of chemical composition on process of cerium reduction is explained from the perspective of phase structure of formed slags and thermodynamics of reactions of cerium reduction. The possibility of reduction of cerium from slags of CaO-SiO2-Ce2O3 system, containing 15 % Al2O3 and 8 % MgO, has been experimentally confirmed. It has been shown that at basicity of 5 and 4 % of Ce2O3 in slag up to 16 ppm cerium passes into metal during 10 minutes exposure. © Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd.The work was supported by RFBR grant 19-08-00825