THE EFFECT OF DIETARY INTAKE AND SOCIAL ECONOMIC FACTORS ON THE RISK OF STUNTING IN PRIMARY SCHOOL CHILDREN IN SURAKARTA, CENTRAL JAVA

Background: Globally it was estimated approximately 156 millions (23%) children are stunted. The prevalence of stunting in children is 29% in Indonesia, which is the highest rate in South East-Asian countries. Stunting may cause delayed mental development and low intellectual capacity. This study aimed to investigate the effect of dietary intake and social economic factors on the risk of stunting in primary school children in Surakarta, Central Java. Subjects and Method: This was an analytic observational study using cross-sectional design. The study was conducted in Surakarta, Central Java, from February to March 2017. A sample of 145 primary school children was selected for this study by multi-stage random sampling. The independent variables were energy intake, protein intake, maternal education, maternal employment status, and family income. The dependent variable was stunting. The data were collected by a set of questionnaire and antropometry. The data were analyzed by path analysis. Results: Stunting was affected by energy intake (b= 0.02; SE<0.01; p<0.001), protein intake (b= 0.02; SE= 0.01; p<0.001), maternal education (b= 0.23; SE= 0.18; p= 0.187), family income (b= 0.01; SE= 0.01; p= 0.051). Energy intake was affected by maternal education (b=9.56; SE=32.55; p=0.770), and family income (b=1.81; SE=0.91; p=0.005). Protein intake was affected by maternal education (b=1.75; SE=2.67; p=0.051), maternal employment status (b=-2.30; SE=2.36; p=0.330), and family income (b=0.12; SE=0.08; p=0.110). Conclusion: Stunting was affected by energy intake, protein intake, maternal education, family income. Energy intake was affected by maternal education and family income. Protein intake was affected by maternal education, maternal employment status, and family income. Keywords: primary shool children, dietary intake, stuntin

Association between Body Mass Index, Type of Occupation, History of Chronic Illness, and Poor Occupational Posture

Background: Good posture is important for an individual health as well as appearance. Poor occupational posture may cause negative impacts such as soreness & pain, poor circulation, negative mood, increased stress, carpal tunnel synd¬rome, less motivation, poor digestion, and fatigue. The purpose of this study was to determine the association between body mass index, type of occupation, his¬tory of chronic illness, and poor occupational posture. Subjects and Method: This was a cross-sectional study conducted at Dr. Moewar¬di hospital, Surakarta, Central Java, from April to May 2018. A sample of 116 patients was selected for this study by fixed disease sampling. The dependent va¬ri¬able was occupational posture. The independent variables were body mass index, type of occupation, and history of chronic illness. Occupational posture da¬ta were measured by Rapid Entry Body Assessment (REBA) questionnaire. The other variables were measured by questionnaire. The data were analyzed by a mul¬¬tiple logistic regression. Results: Poor occupational posture was associated with body mass index ≥25 (OR= 0.99; 95% CI= 0.02 to 1.96; p= 0.044), heavy occupational type (OR= 2.24; 95% CI= 1.34 to 3.14; p<0.001), and history of chronic illness (OR= 0.78; 95% CI= -0.10 to 1.67; p= 0.084). Conclusion: Poor occupational posture is associated with body mass index ≥25, heavy occupational type, and history of chronic illness. Keywords: occupational posture, body mass index, occupational type, history of ill¬nes

Low Birth weight, Preterm Birth, and their Associations with The Risk Of Asphyxia

Background: Perinatal asphyxia, neonatal asphyxia, or birth asphyxia has been defined as the medical condition resulting from deprivation of oxygen to a newborn infant that lasts long enough during the birth process to cause physical harm, usually to the brain. If left untreated, neonatal asphyxia can cause a severe lack of oxygen to the baby’s brain, which can injure brain cells and cause hypox icischemic encephalopathy (HIE), cerebral palsy, seizures, and other forms of brain damage. This study aimed to examine the association between low birth weight, preterm birth, and the risk of asphyxia. Subjects and Method: This was an analytic observational study with a case control design. The study was conducted at the perinatology ward, Dr. Harjono Hospital, Ponorogo, East Java, in July 2018. A sample data of 360 newly born infants between January 2017 and December 2017 was selected for this study by fixed disease sampling, consisting of 180 newborns with asphyxia and 180 newborns without asphyxia. The dependent variable was birth asphyxia. The independent variables were low birth weight and prematurity. The secondary data were obtained from the medical record and analyzed by a multiple logistic regression. Results: Asphyxia was associated with low birth weight (OR= 4.16; 95% CI= 2.04 to 8.49; p<0.001) and prematurity (OR= 4.05; 95% CI= 2.05 to 8.03; p<0.001). Conclusion: Asphyxia is associated with low birth weight and prematurity. Keywords: asphyxia, low birth weight, prematurit

Color Mutations Alter the Biochemical Composition in the San Marzano Tomato Fruit

San Marzano (SM) is a traditional Italian landrace characterized by red elongated fruits, originating in the province of Naples (Italy) and cultivated worldwide. Three mutations, yellow flesh (r), green flesh (gf) and colorless fruit epidermis (y) were introduced into SM by backcross and the resulting introgression lines (ILs) produced the expected yellow, brown and pink fruit variants. In addition, ILs carrying double combinations of those mutations were obtained. The six ILs plus the SM reference were analyzed for volatile (VOC), non-polar (NP) and polar (P) metabolites. Sixty-eight VOCs were identified, and several differences evidenced in the ILs; overall gf showed epistasis over r and y and r over y. Analysis of the NP component identified 54 metabolites; variation in early carotenoids (up to lycopene) and chlorophylls characterized respectively the ILs containing r and gf. In addition, compounds belonging to the quinone and xanthophyll classes were present in genotypes carrying the r mutation at levels higher than SM. Finally, the analysis of 129 P metabolites evidenced different levels of vitamins, amino acids, lipids and phenylpropanoids in the ILs. A correlation network approach was used to investigate metabolite–metabolite relationships in the mutant lines. Altogether these differences potentially modified the hedonistic and nutritional value of the berry. In summary, single and combined mutations in gf, r and y generated interesting visual and compositional diversity in the SM landrace, while maintaining its original typolog

Testing common knowledge: are Northern Europeans and millennials more concerned about the environment?

This study explores whether there are differences in several environmental dimensions, when the European Region and Generation cohort are considered. In doing so, this study compares millennials in North and South Europe with members of Generation X in three environmental dimensions: attitudes, personal norms, and behavior. Using data from the European Social Survey (n = 6.216), the researchers tested the hypothesis that Northern Europeans and millennials have more pro-environmental standing than southerners and Generation Xers. The findings challenge the common belief that millennials are more committed to being environmentally conscious, showing that many millennials do not feel responsible for their climate footprint, nor do they behave in a way that shows more concern than previous generations to improve their environmental performance. Furthermore, contrary to expectations, Northern European participants are not the most committed, in all environmental dimensions, compared to Southern Europeans.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Potential application of cryobiopsy for histo-molecular characterization of mediastinal lymph nodes in patients with thoracic malignancies: a case presentation series and implications for future developments

Background: The management of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) has become increasingly complex due to the evolution of personalized medicine approaches. Such approaches are characterized by the necessity of adequate tumor samples; hence, improved biopsy techniques are needed. Transbronchial lung cryobiopsy is a novel endoscopic procedure designed to collect peripheral pulmonary tissue, and it is currently employed in interstitial lung diseases. The use of this technique in oncology might result in improved mediastinum staging and molecular characterizations; however, available data involving the use of a cryoprobe on mediastinal lymph nodes are still limited. Case presentation: Here we present a series of five consecutive patients who underwent endoscopic assessment of mediastinal lymph nodes for oncologic reasons. All patients were subjected both to endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration (EBUS TBNA) and cryobiopsy of mediastinal lymph nodes during the same procedure, and no complications were observed. In three of the reported cases, both cryobiopsy and cell block from EBUS TBNA were positive, while in one case cryobiopsy was not diagnostic and EBUS TBNA was negative; moreover, one case showed discordance between the procedures, as cryobiopsy was negative and cell block obtained from multiple stations was diagnostic for small cell lung cancer. In one case involving a patient treated for lymphoma, cryobiopsy provided more complete histologic characterization, and in another case involving a patient affected by NSCLC cryobiopsy provided more material for molecular analyses. Conclusion: This case presentation series suggests that cryobiopsy, which has been generally used on peripheral lung lesions so far, is a feasible and safe approach for diagnosis and staging of mediastinal lymph nodal involvement, especially when station 7 is involved. Compared to EBUS TBNA, cryobiopsy might provide more adequate histological samples, with a possible impact on molecular characterizations and, therefore, therapeutic decisions. However, the learning curve of the procedure has not to be understated and optimal protocols for implementing this technique are needed. In our opinion, further studies designed to integrate the routine use of cryobiopsy in current practice for solid and eventually hematologic tumors with mediastinal lymph node involvement are warranted

Posterior variant of alien limb syndrome with sudden clinical onset as self-hitting associated with thalamic stroke

We present a case of sudden postischaemic onset of alien limb syndrome, with unintentional self-injury. Alien limb syndrome is an uncommon neurological disorder featured by uncontrolled and involuntary movements of a limb. Three variants of alien limb syndrome have been described: the anterior, featured by grasping of surrounding objects, the callosal, presenting with intermanual conflict, and the posterior, associated with involuntary levitation of the limb. Our patient suffered from an acute presentation of the posterior variant of the alien limb syndrome, resulting from an isolated thalamic stroke which was documented using 24-h computed tomography brain scan. Only one previous case of alien limb syndrome after thalamic infarct has been reported. Our case enhances the possibility that pure thalamic injury may represent a trigger for this condition

The pharmacology of visual hallucinations in synucleinopathies

Visual hallucinations (VH) are commonly found in the course of synucleinopathies like Parkinson's disease and dementia with Lewy bodies. The incidence of VH in these conditions is so high that the absence of VH in the course of the disease should raise questions about the diagnosis. VH may take the form of early and simple phenomena or appear with late and complex presentations that include hallucinatory production and delusions. VH are an unmet treatment need. The review analyzes the past and recent hypotheses that are related to the underlying mechanisms of VH and then discusses their pharmacological modulation. Recent models for VH have been centered on the role played by the decoupling of the default mode network (DMN) when is released from the control of the fronto-parietal and salience networks. According to the proposed model, the process results in the perception of priors that are stored in the unconscious memory and the uncontrolled emergence of intrinsic narrative produced by the DMN. This DMN activity is triggered by the altered functioning of the thalamus and involves the dysregulated activity of the brain neurotransmitters. Historically, dopamine has been indicated as a major driver for the production of VH in synucleinopathies. In that context, nigrostriatal dysfunctions have been associated with the VH onset. The efficacy of antipsychotic compounds in VH treatment has further supported the notion of major involvement of dopamine in the production of the hallucinatory phenomena. However, more recent studies and growing evidence are also pointing toward an important role played by serotonergic and cholinergic dysfunctions. In that respect, in vivo and post-mortem studies have now proved that serotonergic impairment is often an early event in synucleinopathies. The prominent cholinergic impairment in DLB is also well established. Finally, glutamatergic and gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic modulations and changes in the overall balance between excitatory and inhibitory signaling are also contributing factors. The review provides an extensive overview of the pharmacology of VH and offers an up to date analysis of treatment options