Drawing Doctors vs. Nurses: Gendered Perceptions of Health Professionals

Although women and men are employed at similar rates, there remains a high level of occupational sex segregation. Existing gender stereotypes influence occupational choice because of gendered perceptions of occupations. In this study, college students (n = 48) were asked to draw a picture of an individual in a gender-typed health profession—either a doctor or a nurse—using a variation of the Draw-a- Scientist paradigm. Using quantitative and qualitative techniques, we find that doctors are drawn as women nearly as often as men, while nurses are drawn as women far more frequently than they are as men. Doctors are far more likely to be illustrated wearing white coats and stethoscopes, while nurses are shown wearing scrubs and using other medical paraphernalia in addition to stethoscopes. Finally, nurses are far more likely to be shown with their patients and to be described as helping others. Our findings provide key details related to presentational expectations for doctors and nurses, which in turn have important implications for occupational sex segregation. In other words, our data demonstrate which types of impression management (particularly attire, objects, and setting) individuals consider to be crucial signifiers for nurses and doctors, which may also influence their occupational choices

Critical Temperatures of Hard-Core Boson Model on Square Lattice within Bethe Approximation

Abstract: Neighboring correlations are considered for a two-dimensional hard-core boson model on square lattice within Bethe approximation for the clusters consisting of two and four nodes. Explicit equations are derived for the determination of critical temperatures of charge and superfluid ordering and their solutions are considered for various ratios of the parameter of between-centers charge correlations to the transfer integral. It is demonstrated that assumption of neighboring correlations for the temperatures of charge ordering results in the appearance of the critical concentration of bosons, which restricts the existence domain of the solutions of charge ordering type. In the case of superfluid ordering with the assumption of neighboring correlations, the critical temperature is reduced up to zero values at half filling. A phase diagram of the hard-core boson model is constructed with the assumption of phase separation within Maxwell construction and it is shown that consideration of neighboring correlations within Bethe approximation quantitatively approximates the form of phase diagram to the results of Monte Carlo quantum method. © 2021, Pleiades Publishing, Ltd.Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation, Minobrnauka; Government Council on Grants, Russian Federation: FEUZ-2020-0054The work was supported by the Program 211 of the Government of Russian Federation, agreement no. 02.A03.21.0006, and project FEUZ-2020-0054 of the Ministry of Education and Science of Russian Federation

Sustained microglial depletion with CSF1R inhibitor impairs parenchymal plaque development in an Alzheimer's disease model.

Many risk genes for the development of Alzheimer's disease (AD) are exclusively or highly expressed in myeloid cells. Microglia are dependent on colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R) signaling for their survival. We designed and synthesized a highly selective brain-penetrant CSF1R inhibitor (PLX5622) allowing for extended and specific microglial elimination, preceding and during pathology development. We find that in the 5xFAD mouse model of AD, plaques fail to form in the parenchymal space following microglial depletion, except in areas containing surviving microglia. Instead, Aβ deposits in cortical blood vessels reminiscent of cerebral amyloid angiopathy. Altered gene expression in the 5xFAD hippocampus is also reversed by the absence of microglia. Transcriptional analyses of the residual plaque-forming microglia show they exhibit a disease-associated microglia profile. Collectively, we describe the structure, formulation, and efficacy of PLX5622, which allows for sustained microglial depletion and identify roles of microglia in initiating plaque pathogenesis

Collective T- and P- Odd Electromagnetic Moments in Nuclei with Octupole Deformations

Parity and time invariance violating forces produce collective P- and T- odd moments in nuclei with static octupole deformation. Collective Schiff moment, electric octupole and dipole and also magnetic quadrupole appear due to the mixing of rotational levels of opposite parity and can exceed single-particle moments by more than a factor of 100. This enhancement is due to two factors, the collective nature of the intrinsic moments and the small energy separation between members of parity doublets. The above moments induce T- and P- odd effects in atoms and molecules. Experiments with such systems may improve substantially the limits on time reversal violation.Comment: 9 pages, Revte

Time invariance violating nuclear electric octupole moments

The existence of a nuclear electric octupole moment (EOM) requires both parity and time invariance violation. The EOMs of odd $Z$ nuclei that are induced by a particular T- and P-odd interaction are calculated. We compare such octupole moments with the collective EOMs that can occur in nuclei having a static octupole deformation. A nuclear EOM can induce a parity and time invariance violating atomic electric dipole moment, and the magnitude of this effect is calculated. The contribution of a nuclear EOM to such a dipole moment is found, in most cases, to be smaller than that of other mechanisms of atomic electric dipole moment production.Comment: Uses RevTex, 25 page

Nuclear Octupole Correlations and the Enhancement of Atomic Time-Reversal Violation

We examine the time-reversal-violating nuclear ``Schiff moment'' that induces electric dipole moments in atoms. After presenting a self-contained derivation of the form of the Schiff operator, we show that the distribution of Schiff strength, an important ingredient in the ground-state Schiff moment, is very different from the electric-dipole-strength distribution, with the Schiff moment receiving no strength from the giant dipole resonance in the Goldhaber-Teller model. We then present shell-model calculations in light nuclei that confirm the negligible role of the dipole resonance and show the Schiff strength to be strongly correlated with low-lying octupole strength. Next, we turn to heavy nuclei, examining recent arguments for the strong enhancement of Schiff moments in octupole-deformed nuclei over that of 199Hg, for example. We concur that there is a significant enhancement while pointing to effects neglected in previous work (both in the octupole-deformed nuclides and 199Hg) that may reduce it somewhat, and emphasizing the need for microscopic calculations to resolve the issue. Finally, we show that static octupole deformation is not essential for the development of collective Schiff moments; nuclei with strong octupole vibrations have them as well, and some could be exploited by experiment.Comment: 25 pages, 4 figures embedded in tex

A Novel Mutation in the Upstream Open Reading Frame of the CDKN1B Gene Causes a MEN4 Phenotype

PubMed ID: 23555276This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited