Assessing the health and development of ART-conceived young adults: A study of feasibility, parent recall, and acceptability

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Assisted reproductive technologies (ART) to treat infertility have been available for nearly three decades. There have been a number of systematic comparisons of the health and development of ART-conceived with spontaneously-conceived (SC) children. Data are equivocal, some finding no differences and others that there are more health and developmental problems in the ART group. It is agreed that perinatal mortality and morbidity are worse after assisted than spontaneous conception and the impact of the hormonally altered intrauterine environment on puberty and later fertility of offspring are unknown. To date however, there has been no investigation of the health and development of ART-conceived young adults, including from the world's few prospective cohorts of ART conceived children. Obtaining these data requires contact to be made with people at least twenty years after discharge from the treating service. Given the ethical difficulties of approaching families to participate in research up to two decades after cessation of treatment, the aim of this exploratory qualitative investigation was to assess the feasibility and acceptability of approaching mothers treated for infertility prior to 1988, and their recall of the health and development of their ART-conceived young adult children.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Mothers treated for infertility at the Royal Women's Hospital Reproductive Biology Unit in Melbourne, Australia prior to 1988 were approached by a senior clinician and invited to participate in individual semi-structured interviews which could include their partners and/or young adult children if they wished. Recruitment continued until theoretic saturation had been reached.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Ten mothers, two of their husbands and five young adults participated in interviews, and the health and development of 15 ART-conceived young adults were described. The experience of conception, pregnancy, birth and the health and development of the children were recalled vividly and in detail. Families were pleased to have been approached and supported the need for systematic data collection. Mode of conception had been disclosed from childhood to all the offspring.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>With careful and sensitive recruitment strategies it is feasible and acceptable to contact women treated for infertility at least two decades ago and their families, to assess the health and development of ART-conceived young adults.</p

Recomendações para se evitar grandes erros de dose em tratamentos radioterapêuticos Recommendations to avoid gross errors of dose in radiotherapeutic treatments

Erros humanos são uma importante fonte de falhas em todos os passos do planejamento e do tratamento radioterapêutico. Com o objetivo de reduzir este grau de incerteza, várias organizações especializadas recomendam minuciosos programas de garantia da qualidade. No Brasil, programas deste tipo vêm tendo sua exigência intensificada, e a maioria dos serviços de radioterapia vem se orientando neste sentido, tanto em relação aos equipamentos de radiação e dosimetria, quanto em relação à verificação dos cálculos de dose em pacientes e das revisões das fichas de planejamento. Como uma contribuição a este esforço de qualidade, apresentam-se algumas recomendações para se evitar falhas de tratamento devidas a erros na dose de radiação recebida pelo paciente, como redundância nas verificações dos cálculos feitos manualmente ou por computador, e, também, a verificação da dose acumulada para cada paciente sob tratamento, semanalmente, além de se evitar a possibilidade de acesso a qualquer sistema de segurança do equipamento ao pessoal técnico treinado para apenas o operar. Além disso, deve-se considerar a possibilidade de se empregar um sistema computadorizado de verificação e registro do tratamento, dessa maneira prevenindo-se erros durante a aplicação diária devidos à seleção indevida dos diferentes parâmetros do tratamento. Reportam-se quatro incidentes radioativos recentes ocorridos no mundo, com injúrias em pacientes, e algumas ocorrências de erros grandes de dose.<br>Human mistakes are an important source of errors in radiotherapy and may occur at every step of the radiotherapeutic planning and treatment. To reduce this level of uncertainties, several specialized organizations have recommended a comprehensive quality assurance program. In Brazil, the requirement for these programs has been strongly stressed, and most radiotherapy services have pursued this goal regarding radiation units and dosimetry equipment, as well as the verification of the calculations of the patient's dose and the revision of the plan charts. As a contribution to the improvement of quality control, we present some recommendations to avoid failure of treatment due to error in the delivered dose, such as redundant check of the manual or computer calculations, weekly check of the total dose for each patient, and prevention of inadvertent access to any safety system of the equipment by any staff member that is only supposed to operate the machine. Moreover, the use of a computerized treatment record and verification system should be considered in order to eliminate errors due to incorrect selection of the treatment parameters, in a daily basis. We report four radioactive incidents with patient injuries occurred throughout the world and some gross errors of dose