La Accesibilidad universal en los municipios : guía para una política integral de promoción y gestión

Conscientes de las complejidades que presenta la organización administrativa local y la diversidad que caracteriza a los Ayuntamientos de España, y lejos de querer establecer fórmulas mágicas o generalizar soluciones, con esta Guía se pretende aportar ideas útiles mediante propuestas y algunos ejemplos; con ella se quiere ayudar a promover distintas intervenciones a favor de la accesibilidad en los municipios. En este sentido, esta Guía pretende ser soporte para desarrollar una nueva etapa de intervención municipal en accesibilidad, que vaya más allá de la mera supresión de barreras y se prevenga su creación. Las medidas que se desarrollan son posibles vías para que los gobiernos locales puedan gestionar y promocionar de forma eficaz la accesibilidad en el municipio y así establecer una base sobre la cual todos los ciudadanos puedan desarrollar sus libertades individuales plenamente

Thermodynamics of mixtures containing a very strongly polar compound. 12. Systems with nitrobenzene or 1-nitroalkane and hydrocarbons or 1-alkanols

Mixtures involving nitrobenzene and hydrocarbons, or 1-alkanols and 1-nitroalkane, or nitrobenzene have been investigated on the basis of a whole set of thermophysical properties available in the literature. The properties considered are: excess molar functions (enthalpies, entropies, isobaric heat capacities, and volumes), vapour-liquid and liquid-liquid equilibria, permittivities or dynamic viscosities. In addition, the mixtures have been studied by means of the application of the DISQUAC, ERAS, and UNIFAC models, and using the formalism of the concentration-concentration structure factor. The corresponding interaction parameters in the framework of the DISQUAC and ERAS models are reported. In alkane mixtures, dipolar interactions between 1-nitroalkane molecules are weakened when the size of the polar compound increases, accordingly with the relative variation of their effective dipolar moment. Dipolar interactions are stronger in nitrobenzene solutions than in those containing the smaller 1-nitropropane, although both nitroalkanes have very similar effective dipole moment (aromaticity effect). Systems with 1-alkanols are characterized by dipolar interactions between like molecules which sharply increases when the alkanol size increases. Simultaneously, interactions between unlike molecules become weaker, as the OH group is then more sterically hindered. Interactions between unlike molecules are stronger in systems with nitromethane than in nitrobenzene solutions. The replacement of nitromethane by nitroethane in systems with a given 1-alkanol leads to strengthen those effects related with the alcohol self-association. Permittivity data and results on Kirkwood's correlation factors show that the addition of 1-alkanol to a nitroalkane leads to cooperative effects, which increase the dipolar polarization of the solution, in such way that the destruction of the existing structure in pure liquids is partially counterbalanced. This effect is less important when longer 1-alkanols are involved.Consejería de Educación y Cultura of Junta de Castilla y León, under Project BU034U1

Spatial distribution of the soil carbon pool in a Holm oak dehesa in Spain

Aims Dehesas are agroforestry systems characterized by scattered trees among pastures, crops and/or fallows. A study at a Spanish dehesa has been carried out to estimate the spatial distribution of the soil organic carbon stock and to assess the influence of the tree cover. Methods The soil organic carbon stock was estimated from the five uppermost cm of themineral soil with high spatial resolution at two plots with different grazing intensities. The Universal Kriging technique was used to assess the spatial distribution of the soil organic carbon stocks, using tree coverage within a buffering area as an auxiliary variable. Results A significant positive correlation between tree presence and soil organic carbon stocks up to distances of around 8 m from the trees was found. The tree crown cover within a buffer up to a distance similar to the crown radius around the point absorbed 30 % of the variance in the model for both grazing intensities, but residual variance showed stronger spatial autocorrelation under regular grazing conditions. Conclusions Tree cover increases soil organic carbon stocks, and can be satisfactorily estimated by means of crown parameters. However, other factors are involved in the spatial pattern of the soil organic carbon distribution. Livestock plays an interactive role together with tree presence in soil organic carbon distribution

Density, speed of sound, refractive index and relative permittivity of methanol, propan-1-ol or pentan-1-ol + benzylamine liquid mixtures. Application of the Kirkwood-Fröhlich model

Producción CientíficaDensities (P), speeds of sound (c), relative permittivities at 1 MHz (er) and refractive indices at the sodium D-line (nD) at T = (293.15 K to 303.15 K) and p = 0.1 MPa are reported for binary liquid mixtures alkan-1- ol + benzylamine. Methanol, propan-1-ol and pentan-1-ol are the alkan-1-ols studied in this work. The values of the excess molar volume (VE m), excess isentropic compressibility (jE S ), excess speed of sound (cE), excess refractive index (nE D), excess relative permittivity (eE r ) and its temperature derivative ð@eE r =@TÞp are calculated, and they are adjusted to Redlich-Kister polynomials. The VE m values are negative, indicating a predominance of the solvation between unlike molecules and structural effects. eE r values indicate a positive contribution from the creation of (alkan-1-ol)-benzylamine interactions, and the pos- itive value for the methanol mixture emphasises the importance of solvation. Calculations on excess molar refractions point out to weaker dispersive interactions than in the ideal mixture, which may be explained by the mentioned solvation effects. The Kirkwood-Fröhlich model has been applied to the mix- tures, and the Kirkwood correlation factors suggest an important relative weight, especially in the metha- nol system, of linear-like molecules in the solutions, which is in accordance with the positive contribution of the formed multimers to eE r due to their good effective response to the electric field.Junta de Castilla y León, ( Consejería de Educación - Apoyo a GIR, BDNS: 425389) Project VA100G19Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deporte ( grant FPU15/05456

Thermodynamics of amide + amine mixtures. 3. Relative permittivities of N , N -dimethylformamide + N -propylpropan-1-amine, + N -butylbutan-1-amine, + butan-1-amine, or + hexan-1-amine systems at several temperatures

Relative permittivities at 1 MHz, ε_r, and at (293.15-303.15) K, are reported for the binary systems N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) + N-propylpropan-1-amine (DPA), + N-butylbutan-1-amine (DBA), + butan-1-amine (BA) or + hexan-1-amine (HxA). The values of the excess relative permittivities, ε_r^E, have also been determined for these solutions. The measurements were realized by means of a precision impedance analyser 4294A, to which a 16452A cell connected using a 16048G test lead, all of them from Agilent. The ε_r^E values are large and negative, and diminish when the size of the amine increases along a homologous series, which has been ascribed mainly to the rupture of interactions between like molecules along mixing. Calculations on excess molar orientational polarizabilities support this conclusion, indicating a dominant contribution to ε_r^E from the orientational polarizability of the molecules in the mixture. The analysis of excess relative Kirkwood correlation factors shows that the correlation between dipoles is effectively decreased along the mixing process.Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deporte (MECD): Grant FPU14/0410

Thermodynamics of amide + amine mixtures. 5. Excess molar enthalpies of N,N-dimethylformamide or N,N-dimethylacetamide + N-propylpropan-1-amine, + N-butylbutan-1-amine, + butan-1-amine, or + hexan-1-amine systems at 298.15 K. Application of the ERAS model

Producción CientíficaExcess molar enthalpies, HEm, over the whole composition range have been determined for the liquid mixtures N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) or N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMA) + butan-1-amine (BA), or + hexan-1-amine (HxA), or + N-propylpropan-1-amine (DPA), or N-butylbutan-1-amine (DBA) at 298.15 K and at 0.1 MPa using a BT2.15 calorimeter from Setaram adapted to work in dynamic mode at constant temperature and pressure. All the HEm values are positive, indicating that interactions between like molecules are predominant. The replacement of DMF by DMA in systems with a given amine leads to lower HEm results, which have been ascribed to stronger amide-amide interactions in DMF mixtures. The replacement of HxA by DPA in systems with a given amide leads to slightly higher HEm values, as interactions between unlike molecules are weaker for the latter. Structural effects in the investigated solutions are also present, since the corresponding excess molar volumes (VEm), previously determined, are negative or slightly positive. The systems have been characterized in terms of the ERAS model reporting the interaction parameters. The model correctly describes both HEm and VEm. The application of the model suggests that, in the systems under study, solvation effects are of minor importance and that physical interactions are dominant.Consejería de Educación, Junta de Castilla y León: Project VA100G19 (Apoyo a GIR, BDNS: 425389)Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deporte (MECD): Grant FPU14/04104Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deporte (MECD): Complementary Grants EST16/00824 and EST17/0029

Liquid–Liquid Equilibria for Systems Containing 4-Phenylbutan-2-one or Benzyl Ethanoate and Selected Alkanes

Liquid−liquid equilibrium (LLE) phase diagrams have been determined, by means of the critical opalescence method with a laser scattering technique, for the mixtures 4-phenylbutan-2- one + CH3(CH2)nCH3 (n = 10,12,14) and for benzyl ethanoate + CH3(CH2)nCH3 (n = 12,14). The systems are characterized by having an upper critical solution temperature (UCST), which increases with n. The corresponding LLE curves show a rather horizontal top and become skewed toward higher mole fractions of the polar compound when n is increased. Calorimetric and LLE measurements show that, for mixtures with molecules with a given functional group, interactions between aromatic molecules are stronger than those between homomorphic linear molecules (aromaticity effect). This has been ascribed to proximity effects arising from the presence of the polar group and the aromatic ring within the same molecule. Proximity effects become weaker in the sequence 1-phenylpropan-2-one >4-phenylbutan-2-one >1-phenylethanone and are more important in benzyl ethanoate than in ethyl benzoate molecules. Values of the critical compositions and temperatures calculated with the DISQUAC group contribution model are in good agreement with the experimental results. Accordingly, the shape of the LLE curves is also correctly described by DISQUAC.Junta de Castilla y León, under Project BU034U1

Thermodynamics of Amide + Amine Mixtures. 2. Volumetric, Speed of Sound and Refractive Index Data for N,N-Dimethylacetamide + N-Propylpropan-1-Amine, + N-Butylbutan-1-Amine, + Butan-1-Amine, or + Hexan-1-Amine Systems at Several Temperatures

Data on density, ρ, speed of sound, c, and refractive index, n_D, of binary systems containing N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMA) + N-propylpropan-1-amine (DPA) or + butan-1-amine (BA) at 293.15 K, 298.15 K and 303.15 K, and + N-butylbutan-1-amine (DBA) or + hexan-1-amine (HxA) at 298.15 K are reported. A densimeter and sound analyzer Anton Paar DSA 5000 has been used for the measurement of ρ and c, whereas n_D values have been obtained by means of a refractometer RFM970 from Bellingham+Stanley. Also, values of excess molar volumes, V_m^E, excess isentropic compressibilities, κ_S^E, excess speeds of sound, c^E, excess isobaric thermal expansion coefficients, α_p^E, and of excess refractive indices, n_D^E, have been determined from these data. The investigated systems are characterized by amide-amine interactions and structural effects, as it is shown by their negative or low positive V_m^E values and by the results from the application of the Prigogine-Flory-Patterson (PFP) model. The breaking of amine-amine interactions is more relevant in systems containing linear primary amines than in those with linear secondary amines, and the V_m^E values are lower for the latter systems. Molar refraction has been used to evaluate the dispersive interactions in the mixtures under study, yielding the result that DPA and HxA systems present similar dispersive interactions and mainly differ in their dipolar character. Steric hindrance of the amide group in DMA leads to weaker amide-amine interactions than in the corresponding N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) + amine systems.Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deporte (MECD): Grant FPU14/0410

Thermodynamics of amide + amine mixtures. 4. Relative permittivities of N,N-dimethylacetamide + N-propylpropan-1-amine, + N-butylbutan-1-amine, + butan-1-amine, or + hexan-1-amine systems and of N,N-dimethylformamide + aniline mixture at several temperatures. Characterization of amine + amide systems using ERAS

Producción CientíficaRelative permittivities at 1 MHz and at (293.15-303.15) K are reported for the binary systems N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMA) + N-propylpropan-1-amine (DPA), + N-butylbutan-1-amine (DBA), + butan-1-amine (BA) or + hexan-1-amine (HxA) and for N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) + aniline. The excess permittivities are large and negative for systems with DMA, whereas they are large and positive for the aniline mixture. From the analysis of these excess permittivity data and of measurements previously reported, it is concluded: (i) the main contribution to the excess permittivity in systems with linear amines arises from the breaking of interactions between like molecules; (ii) in the DMF + aniline mixture, interactions between unlike molecules contribute positively to the excess permittivity, and such a contribution is dominant; (iii) longer linear amines are better breakers of the amide-amide interactions; (iv) interactions between unlike molecules are more easily formed when shorter linear amines, or DMF, participate. These findings are confirmed by a general study conducted in terms of excess values of molar orientational and induced polarizabilities and of the relative Kirkwood correlation factors for systems and components. The ERAS model is also applied to amide + amine mixtures. ERAS represents rather accurately the excess enthalpies and volumes of the mentioned systems. The variation of the cross-association equilibrium constants, determined using ERAS, with the molecular structure is in agreement with that observed for the excess permittivity.The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support received from the Consejería de Educación y Cultura of Junta de Castilla y León, under Project BU034U16. F. Hevia and A. Cobos are grateful to Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deporte for the grants FPU14/04104 and FPU15/05456 respectively

Thermodynamics of amide + ketone mixtures. 2. Volumetric, speed of sound and refractive index data for N,N-dimethylacetamide + 2-alkanone systems at several temperatures. Application of Flory's model to tertiary amide +n-alkanone systems

Data on density, rho, speed of sound, c, and refractive index, nD, have been reported at (293–303.15) K for the N,Ndimethylacetamide (DMA) + CH3CO(CH2)_(u – 1)CH3 (u = 1, 2, 3) systems, and at 298.15 K for the mixture with u=5. These data have been used to compute excessmolar volumes, VmE, excess adiabatic compressibilities, kSE, and excess speeds of sound cE. Negative VmE values indicate the existence of structural effects and interactions between unlike molecules. From molar excess enthalpies, HmE, available in the literature for N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF), or N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP) + n-alkanone systems, it is shown: (i) amide-ketone interactions are stronger in DMF systems than in those with NMP; (ii) they become weaker when u increases in mixtures with a given amide. Structural effects largely contribute to HmE and are more relevant in mixtures containing NMP. The application of the Flory's model reveals that the random mixing hypothesis is valid in large extent for DMF solutions, while NMP systems are characterized by rather strong orientational effects. From values of molar refraction and of the product PintVm (where Pint is the internal pressure and Vm the molar volume), it is concluded that dispersive interactions increase with u, or when DMF is replaced by DMA in mixtures with a fixed ketone.Junta de Castilla y León Regional Grant BU034U16Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deporte (MECD): Grant FPU14/04104Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deporte (MECD): Grant FPU15/0545