464 research outputs found
Confinement in a Model with Condensate of the Scalar Field
The idea of ``soft'' confinement when the lifetime of hadron with respect to
quark-gluon channel of decay is greater or at least of the order of some
characteristic time for our Universe is considered. Within the framework of a
model of three nonlinearly interacting fields the explicit form of an effective
potential is found. It provides the confinement of a massive particle within
the limited region of space by means of constant component of the potential
which arises as a result of reorganization of vacuum of one of the scalar
fields. It is shown that the lifetime of hadron being equal to the age of the
Universe leads to the Higgs boson with the mass m > 63.7 GeV and realistic
self-constant.Comment: 6 pages, 2 EPS figure
K-matter as Mach's principle realization
It is shown that if one takes into account Mach's principle in the form which
follows from quantum theory and considers it as a complementary constraint
between the parameters which characterize the energy density and geometry of
the universe in addition to Einstein equations for a FRW universe,
non-relativistic matter transforms into an analogue of K-matter. The exact
solutions of the Einstein equations for the universe with such matter and
cosmological constant are found. It is demonstrated that the Machian universe
under consideration with a nonzero cosmological constant is equivalent to the
open de Sitter universe. In the limit of zero cosmological constant such a
universe evolves as a Milne universe, but in contrast to it, it contains matter
with nonzero energy density. The possible application of proposed approach to
the description of the present cosmological data is discussed. The problem of
the age of the universe is considered as an example.Comment: 9 pages, based on the talk given at International Conference on the
Astroparticle Physics, Gravitation and Cosmology (7 - 10 June, 2011, Kiev,
Ukraine
Production of matter in the universe via after-GUT interaction
In this paper we propose a model of production of ordinary and dark matter in
the decay of a hypothetical antigravitating medium in the form of a condensate
of (zero-momentum) spinless massive particles (denoted as ) which fills
the universe. The decays of -particles into baryons, leptons, and dark
matter particles are caused by some (after-GUT) interaction with the mass scale
between the electroweak and grand unification. The observed dark energy is
identified with a portion of a condensate which has not decayed up to the
instant of measurement. The decay rate of -particles is
expressed through the three parameters - the coupling constant ,
the mass scale which defines the mass of -particle as the mediator
of after-GUT interaction, and the energy imparted to the decay products. We
show that the masses of dark matter particle GeV and
-particle GeV can be extracted from the 7-year WMAP
and other astrophysical data about the contributions of baryon, dark matter,
and dark energy densities to the total matter-energy density budget in our
universe. Such a mass of light WIMP dark matter agrees with the recent
observations of CoGeNT, DAMA, and CDMS. The obtained masses of - and dark
matter particle are concordant with the coupling constant of after-GUT
interaction M_{X} \sim 6 \times 10^{10}\Gamma_{\phi} \approx 2 \times 10^{-18}\, {s}^{-1}$. The
cross-sections of the reactions in which dark matter particles can be produced
are calculatedComment: 15 pages, 2 EPS figures, v.2: a few sections are revised, additional
explanations and some corrections are provide
Quantum dynamics of the early universe
Quantum gravity may shed light on the prehistory of the universe. Quantum
corrections to gravity affect the dynamics of the expansion of the universe.
Their influence is studied on the example of the exactly solvable quantum
model. The corrections to the energy density and pressure lead to the emergence
of an additional attraction (like dark matter) or repulsion (like dark energy)
in the quantum system of the gravitating matter and radiation. The model
explains the accelerating expansion (inflation) in the early universe (the
domain of comparatively small values of quantum numbers) and a later transition
from the decelerating expansion to the accelerating expansion of the universe
(the domain of the very large values of quantum numbers) from a single
approach. The generation of primordial fluctuations of the energy density at
the expense of the change of sign of the quantum correction to the pressure is
discussed.Comment: 5 two-column pages, 4 EPS figures; v.2: refreshed and based on a talk
given at the conference Fundamentals of Astroparticle and Quantum Physics, 17
- 23 September, 2017, BITP, Kyiv, Ukrain
Properties of the quasistationary universe in context of the Big-bang cosmology problems
Old and new puzzles of cosmology are reexamined from the point of view of
quantum theory of the universe developed here. It is shown that in proposed
approach the difficulties of the standard cosmology do not arise. The theory
predicts the observed dimensions of the nonhomogeneities of matter density and
the amplitude of the fluctuations of the cosmic background radiation
temperature in the Universe and points to a new quantum mechanism of their
origin. It allows to obtain the value of the deceleration parameter which is in
good agreement with the recent SNe Ia measurements. The theory explains the
large value of entropy of the Universe and describes other parameters.Comment: 21 pages, 1 EPS figure, 1 table; revised subsection 3.
Semi-classical Universe Near Initial Singularity
The properties of the quantum universe on extremely small spacetime scales
are studied in the semi-classical approach to the well-defined quantum model.
It is shown that near the initial cosmological singularity point quantum
gravity effects ~ h exhibit themselves in the form of additional matter source
with the negative pressure and the equation of state as for ultrastiff matter.
The analytical solution of the equations of theory of gravity, in which matter
is represented by the radiation and additional matter source of quantum nature,
is found. It is shown that in the stage of the evolution of the universe, when
quantum corrections ~ h dominate over the radiation, the geometry of the
universe is described by the metric which is conformal to a metric of a unit
four-sphere in a five-dimensional Euclidean flat space. In the radiation
dominated era the metric is found to be conformal to a unit hyperboloid
embedded in a five-dimensional Lorentz-signatured flat space. The origin of the
universe can be interpreted as a quantum transition of the system from the
region in a phase space with a trajectory in imaginary time into the region,
where the equations of motion have the solution in real time. Near the boundary
between two regions the universe undergoes almost an exponential expansion
which passes smoothly into the expansion under the action of radiation
dominating over matter. As a result of such a quantum transition the geometry
of the universe changes. This agrees with the hypothesis about the possible
change of geometry after the nucleation of expanding universe from `nothing'.Comment: 14 pages, 1 EPS figur
Comparative description of the evolving universe in classical and quantum geometrodynamics
The description of the universe evolving in time according to general
relativity is given in comparison with the quantum description of the same
universe in terms of semiclassical wave functions. The spacetime geometry is
determined by the Robertson-Walker metric. It is shown that the main equation
of the quantum geometrodynamics is reduced to the non-linear Hamilton-Jacobi
equation. Its non-linearity is caused by a new source of the gravitational
field, which has a purely quantum dynamical nature, and is additional to
ordinary matter sources. In the semiclassical approximation, the non-linear
equation of motion is linearized and reduces to the Friedmann equation with the
additional quantum source of gravity (or anti-gravity) in the form of the stiff
Zel'dovich matter. The semiclassical wave functions of the universe, in which
different types of matter-energies dominate, are obtained. As examples, the
cases of the domination of radiation, barotropic fluid, or new quantum
matter-energy are discussed. The probability of the transition from the quantum
state, where radiation dominates into the state, in which barotropic fluid in
the form of dust is dominant, is calculated. This probability has the same
order of magnitude as the matter density contrast in the era of
matter-radiation equality.Comment: 17 pages, v.2: Sect. 2 and 6 are revised, v.3: Sect. 2 is
supplemented, new references are adde
Dark matter and dark energy production in quantum model of the universe
The quantum model of the homogeneous, isotropic, and spatially closed
universe predicts an existence of two types of collective quantum states in the
universe. The states of one type characterize a gravitational field, the others
describe a matter (uniform scalar) field. In the first stage of the evolution
of the universe a primordial scalar field evolves slowly into its vacuum-like
state. In the second stage the scalar field oscillates about an equilibrium due
to the quantum fluctuations. The universe is being filled with matter in the
form of elementary quantum excitations of the vibrations of the scalar field.
The separate quantum excitations are characterized by non-zero values of their
energies (masses). Under the action of gravitational forces mainly these
excitations decay into ordinary particles (baryons and leptons) and dark
matter. The elementary quantum excitations of the vibrations of the scalar
field which have not decayed up to now form dark energy. The numerical
estimations lead to realistic values of both the matter density \Omega_{M} =
0.29 (with the contributions from dark matter, \Omega_{DM} = 0.25, and
optically bright baryons, \Omega_{stars} = 0.0025) and the dark energy density
\Omega_{X} = 0.71 if one takes that the mean energy ~ 10 GeV is released in
decay of dark energy quantum and fixes baryonic component \Omega_{B} = 0.04
according to observational data. The energy (mass) of dark energy quantum is
equal to ~ 17 GeV and the energy > 2 x 10^{10} GeV is needed in order to detect
it. Dark matter particle has the mass ~ 6 GeV. The Jeans mass for dark matter
which is considered as a gas of such massive particles is equal to M_{J} ~
10^{5} M_{\odot}.Comment: 21 pages, 2 EPS figure; full version is submitted to the volume
"Progress in Dark Matter Research" (Nova Science
On the nature of mass-energy constituents of the universe
On the basis of our quantum cosmological approach we show that there can be
two previously unknown types of collective states in the universe. One of them
relates to a gravitational field, another is connected with a matter (scalar)
field which fills the universe on all stages of its evolution. The increase in
number of the quanta of the collective excitations of the gravitational field
manifests itself as an expansion of the universe. The collective excitations of
the scalar field above its true vacuum reveal themselves mainly in the form of
dark matter and energy. Under the action of the gravitational forces they decay
and produce the non-baryonic dark matter, optically bright and dark baryons. We
have calculated the corresponding energy densities which prove to be in good
agreement with the data from the recent observations.Comment: 15 page
Universe on Extremely Small Spacetime Scales: Quantum Geometrodynamical Approach
The semi-classical approach to the quantum geometrodynamical model is used
for the description of the properties of the universe on extremely small
spacetime scales. Quantum theory for a homogeneous, isotropic and closed
universe is constructed on the basis of a Hamiltonian formalism with the use of
material reference system as a dynamical system defined by macroscopic
relativistic matter. The equations of the model are reduced to the form of the
Einstein-type equations in which the matter energy density has two components
of quantum nature, which behave as antigravitating fluids. The first component
does not vanish in the limit h -> 0 and can be associated with dark energy. The
second component is described by extremely rigid equation of state and goes to
zero after the transition to large spacetime scales. On small spacetime scales
this quantum correction determines the geometry of the universe. This geometry
is conformal to a unit four-sphere embedded in a five-dimensional Euclidean
flat space. When reaching the post-Planck era, the geometry of the universe
changes into the geometry conformal to a unit four-hyperboloid in a
five-dimensional Lorentz-signatured flat space. Near the boundary between two
regions the universe undergoes almost an exponential expansion which passes
smoothly into the expansion under the action of radiation dominating over
matter which is described by the standard cosmological model.Comment: 18 pages, 4 EPS figur
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