Donations in favor of concubine in Digest of Justinian

This article is a contribution to show the evolution of the legal regulation of donations in favor of concubine in the legislation of Justinian. Contains an overview of all the fragments of Justinian’s Digest regarding donations in favor of concubine made by legal acts inter vivos and mortis causa. Fromthe analysis carried out on the particular fragments of Digest results that apart from indicating the possibility of their making they do not include any mention of restrictions on their property values, and none of the fragments contained in Digest refers neither to testamentary inheritance, nor intestate inheritance by a concubine after the deceased partner. Approved in Digest legal solutions show that Justinian did not intend to carry on a restrictive policy towards concubinage, that characterized especially the legislation of Constantine the Great, but treated it positively and fully [email protected]ła Wyższa Psychologii Społeczne

Repudium i jego skutki prawne w świetle kodyfikacji Justyniana

Among the allowable forms of termination of marriage in Justinian law were repudium and divortium. At the time of Christian emperors, however, under the influence of the views of the Christian Church, those practices were often criticised and there were attempts to limit, or restrict their use. The paper deals with repudium at the stage of codification. It must be said that at that stage Justinian did not introduce any radical changes to the existing foundations of the previous regulations. However, he distanced himself from the Church doctrine, and skilfully assessed the social expectations and needs, pointing, at the same time, that termination of marriage is a necessary evil, and it is the innocent children who suffer as a result thereof. Hence the welfare of the children (favor liberorum) was for Justinian one of the main reasons for restricting the right of a unilateral repudiation of marriage. The provisions of the former law that Justinian decided to uphold, were discriminatory against women, particularly with regards to penal sanctions for unjustified repudium. Undoubtedly, his major contribution to the regulation of matrimonial law was recognition of the husband’s incapacity of fulfilling his marriage duties as a ground for the wife’s repudium bona gratia. Another provision that is noteworthy and for which Justinian must be acknowledged is introduction of provisions securing alimony to the abandoned spouse and children in the event of a marriage without dowry. The measures undertaken by Justinian at the codification stage of the reformed matrimonial and family law constitute an unquestioned preliminary draft of the subsequent reformed law made in the Novellae

Forma wydziedziczenia w prawie justyniańskim

The analysis of the sources of the laws regulating the procedure of disinheritance in Justinian law suggests that those laws originated in pre-Justinian times. Justinian's contribution to the regulation of the form in which disinheritance may be conducted was twofold: on the one hand, Justinian relaxed the existing legal requirements, and on the other, he replaced them with new requirements which, since his times on have been used to ensure better protection of the statutory heirs against unjust disinheritance. Justinian law, similarly to the old civil law and praetorian law required that the testator observed a very strict form if he wished to disinherit a statutory heir, to be reflected in the last will and testament, or the requirement of the disinheritance nominatim. Justinian advocated a far reaching flexibility of the strict regulations as to the placement of the disinheritance decision in the testament, and, in particular, he revoked the rigorous form of exheros esto that had been absolutely binding until 531. Like the old jurists, he also rejected the possibility of disinheriting with the use of accidentalia negotii. He upheld the requirement that disinheritance must apply to the entire estate and excluded the possibility of valid disinheritance without an appointment of another heir. Justinian added the requirement of naming all potential heirs, and the requirement of stating the reason for disinheritance if no legitim was stipulated.Il résulte d'analyse effectuée des sources du droit relatives à l'exhérédation dans le Code Justinien que la majeur partie des dispositions régissant la forme sous laquelle l'exhérédation devait être réalisée proviennent de la période d'avant Justinien. L'apport de l'empereur à la forme d'exhérédation consiste d'une part à modérer des exigences légales existantes et d'autre part à mettre en place des dispositions qui, depuis son époque jusqu'à ce jour, permettent de garantir une protection plus complexe aux héritiers légaux contre une exhérédation injuste. Le Code Justinien, comme d'ailleurs l'ancien droit civil et le droit prétorien, contraint le testateur à respecter une forme d'exhérédation qui est précisément définie. Ses composants sont les suivants: 1) l'exhérédation est obligatoirement intégrée dans les termes du testament; 2) le lieu d'exhérédation dans l'ordre du testament; 3) la clarté d'exhérédation; 4) la nécessité d'exhéréder sans réserves; 5) référer l'exhérédation à l'ensemble de la succession; 6) faire un lien entre l'exhérédation et l'institution de successeur; 7) l'exigence de procéder à une exhérédation nominatim; 8) le motif d'exhérédation est cité obligatoirement. Justinien se prononce pour une grande souplesse en ce qui concerne la localisation d'exhérédation dans le testament, mais il fait dépendre de l'endroit de sa réalisation l'exhérédation de tous les degrés ou seulement des degrés particuliers. Justinien renonce à la formule de rigueur qui est la déclaration de la volonté d'exhéréder (exheres esto), applicable sans exception jusqu'à l'an 531. A l'instar des anciens juristes, il rejette en outre la possibilité de déshériter quelqu'un par l'application des accidentalia negotii, sauf l'institution de successeur sous une condition potestative contraire, réalisable, morale et conforme à la loi. Il maintient la position que l'exhérédation doit se référer à l'ensemble de la succession et il exclue la possibilité d'une exhérédation considérable sans nomination de successeur. L'empereur étend l'obligation d'exhérédation nominative sur tous les successeurs potentiels. Dans la situation où la réserve successorale ne serait pas garantie à l'exhérédé, Justinien fait dépendre la validité d'héritage de la nécessité d'indiquer un motif légitime d'exhérédation.W starożytnych źródłach prawa rzymskiego występuje brak systematyki zdarzeń wywołujących skutki prawne. Niemniej już w okresie archaicznym znane były czynności wymagające złożenia oświadczenia woli w ściśle określonej formie. W ocenie romanistów do tego rodzaju czynności zaliczano między innymi sporządzenie testamentu i wydziedziczenie stanowiące jego integralną część. Także w okresie prawa justyniańskiego brak lub nienależyte dokonanie wydziedziczenia w pewnych okolicznościach skutkowały nieważnością całego testamentu. W większości zaś przypadków niezgodne z wymogami wydziedziczenie stwarzało dostateczną podstawę do wniesienia querella inofficiosi testamenti, która umożliwiała poszkodowanemu partycypację w spadku po testatorze. Nie ulega więc wątpliwości, że forma wydziedziczenia zasługuje na odrębne i wnikliwe potraktowanie

THE FORM OF DISINHERITANCE IN THE JUSTINIAN LAW.

The analysis of the sources of the laws regulating the procedure of disinheritance in Justinian law suggests that those laws originated in pre-Justinian times. Justinian’s contribution to the regulation of the form in which disinheritance may be conducted was twofold: on the one hand, Justinian relaxed the existing legal requirements, and on the other, he replaced them with new requirements which, since his times on have been used to ensure better protection of the statutory heirs against unjust disinheritance. Justinian law, similarly to the old civil law and praetorian law required that the testator observed a very strict form if he wished to disinherit a statutory heir, to be reflected in the last will and testament, or the requirement of the disinheritance nominatim. Justinian advocated a far reaching flexibility of the strict regulations as to the placement of the disinheritance decision in the testament, and, in particular, he revoked the rigorous form of exheros esto that had been absolutely binding until 531. Like the old jurists, he also rejected the possibility of disinheriting with the use of accidentalia negotti. He upheld the requirement that disinheritance must apply to the entire estate and excluded the possibility of valid disinheritance without an appointment of another heir. Justinian added the requirement of naming all potential heirs, and the requirement of stating the reason for disinheritance if no legitim was stipulated

Powody wydziedziczenia ascendentów według Noweli 115 cesarza Justyniana

The reform of inheritance law proposed by Emperor Justinian in his 115th Novel from 542 AD extended on the issue of disinheritance of both, the descendants and ascendants, of the te[1]stator. Justinian believed that the general exheredationis motive in respect of ascendants was similar to that which provoked disinheritance of descendants, i.e. that the disinheritance of either was caused by their ingratitude to the testator. However, he also noticed that a harmful behaviour of ascendants towards descendants or their negligence to exercise a duty of care arising from officium pietatis might also be a sufficient reason for disinheritance. The catalogues of reasons for disinheritance of descendants and ascendants vary in size and range. Grounds on which the former could be disinherited are listed in the 115th Novel and cover 14 fair reasons for that. The catalogue of reasons for the disinheritance of the latter, which is subject of this paper, is presented in chapter four. It identifies only eight reasons that justify disinheritance of the ascendants. They are as follows: 1. if the ascendants have delivered their descendants up to death; 2. have attempted to deprive them of life; 3. where a father has had a sexual relation with his son's wife or concubine; 4. where the ascendants have prevented their children from disposing, by will, of property which they had a right to bequeath; 5. where one has attempted to kill the spouse; 6. if they have neglected to care for an insane descendant; 7. have failed to ransom their captured descendants; 8. where a descendant belonged to the orthodox faith and the parent or parents did not acknowledge its doctrines.Entreprise en 542 par l'empereur Justinien dans la novelle 115 la réforme de la succession testamentaire portait sur la question d'exhérédation des descendants et des ascendants du testa[1]teur. Selon Justitnien le motif général de l' exhérédation (exheredationis) des ascendants et en même temps des descendants, consiste dans la manque de la reconnaissance pour le de cujus. Comme une cause suffisante d'exhéréder des ascendents, il envisagait aussi la manque du bon exemple de la part des ascendents à l'égard des descendents, qui se manifestait dans l'action ou dans l'ommission du bon soin en faveur du descendent exigé par l'officium pietatis. Les cata- logues des causes d'exhérédation des descendants et des ascendents se distinguent entre eux par leur dimension. Le premier se trouve dans le chapitre 3 de la novelle 115. Il énumére 14 causes justes d'exhérédation des descendents. Par contre le catalogue des causes d'exhéréda[1]tion des ascendents figure dans la chapitre 4 et il ne compte que 8 motifs justifiants l'exhéréda[1]tion des ascendants. Il s'agit des actes suivants : 1) la remise des descendants à la mort ; 2) la tentative d'assassiner du descendant ; 3) une liaison sexuelle du père avec l'épouse de son fil ou avec la concubine de ce dernier ; 4) la tentative d'annuler la composition du testament par les ascendants ; 5) la tentative de tuer son conjoint ; 6) la négligence du soin à l'égard des de[1]scendants touchés par une maladie mentale ; 7) l'omission du rachat de son descendant empri[1]sonné ; 8) contestation de la foi catholique par les descendants.The reform of inheritance law proposed by Emperor Justinian in his 115th Novel from 542 AD extended on the issue of disinheritance of both, the descendants and ascendants, of the testator. Justinian believed that the general exheredationis motive in respect of ascendants was similar to that which provoked disinheritance of descendants, i.e. that the disinheritance of either was caused by their ingratitude to the testator. However, he also noticed that a harmful behaviour of ascendants towards descendants or their negligence to exercise a duty of care arising from officium pietatis might also be a sufficient reason for disinheritance. The catalogues of reasons for disinheritance of descendants and ascendants vary in size and range. Grounds on which the former could be disinherited are listed in the 115th Novel and cover 14 fair reasons for that. The catalogue of reasons for the disinheritance of the latter, which is subject of this paper, is presented in chapter four. It identifies only eight reasons that justify disinheritance of the ascendants. They are as follows: 1. if the ascendants have delivered their descendants up to death; 2. have attempted to deprive them of life; 3. where a father has had a sexual relation with his son's wife or concubine; 4. where the ascendants have prevented their children from disposing, by will, of property which they had a right to bequeath; 5. where one has attempted to kill the spouse; 6. if they have neglected to care for an insane descendant; 7. have failed to ransom their captured descendants; 8. where a descendant belonged to the orthodox faith and the parent or parents did not acknowledge its doctrines

STATUTORY EXECUTOR OF THE WILL IN ROMAN LAW

According to Roman law, the task of executing the last will of the testator rested basically on the testamentary beneficiaries, first of all heirs, or legates. This task, at the will of the testator, could possibly rest on the non-beneficial owner appointed by him. However, if for some reason the testator did not use his prerogative in this respect and he established as heirs or legatees persons who, due to lack of capacity for legal acts, were not entitled to appropriate actions, there was a serious risk that his last will will never be implemented. To prevent such a risk, the Christian emperors ordered in certain cases to execute testamentary dispositions to the persons indicated in their constitutions (leges). In order to determine who and in what cases was such a statutory executor of the will, in this article will be subject to analysis the constitutions of Roman emperors referring to them

The issue of protection of the property owner’s interest in establishing of transmission servitude

Artykuł zawiera ocenę ochrony prawnej interesu właściciela nieruchomości przy ustanawianiu służebności przesyłu według obowiązującej regulacji i w projektach nowelizacji dotyczących służebności przesyłu. Rozważa kwestię ustalania „odpowiedniego wynagrodzenia” za ustanowienie służebności przesyłu. Autor prezentuje wniosek de lege ferenda w postaci propozycji wprowadzenia przepisu blankietowego, na podstawie którego właściwy minister określiłby w drodze rozporządzenia szerokość pasa niezbędnego do wykonywania przez przedsiębiorców przesyłowych swoich uprawnień, z uwzględnieniem rodzajów, specyfiki i parametrów urządzeń przesyłowych, co prowadziłoby do ujednolicenia praktyki w tym względzie.The article includes an evaluation of the legal protection of the interest of the property owner in establishing the servitude of the transmission according to the binding regulations and in the draft amendments to the servitude of transmission. Considers the issue of determining an “adequate remuneration” for establishing the servitude of transmission. The author presents a proposal de lege ferenda in the form of a proposal for a blanket regulation under which the competent minister would determine by regulation the width of the zone necessary for the transmission company to exercise its entitlements, taking into account the types, specifics and parameters of transmission devices, which would lead to the unification of practice in this regard

Donations in favor of concubine in the Digest of Justinian

This article is a contribution to show the evolution of the legal regulation of donations in favor of concubine in the legislation of Justinian. It contains an overview of all the extracts from Justinian’s Digest relating to donations in favor of concubine made by legal acts inter vivos and mortis causa. Analysis carried out on particular extracts reveals that apart from indicating the possibility of donations being made there is no mention of restrictions on their property values, and none of the fragments contained in the Digest refer either to testamentary inheritance, or intestate inheritance by a concubine after the deceased partner. Legal solutions approved in the Digest show that Justinian did not intend to carry on a restrictive policy towards concubinage, that characterized especially the legislation of Constantine the Great, but treated it positively and fully rationally