Zatrudnienie a pierwsze i drugie urodzenia wśród kobiet w Polsce

The paper presents results of estimation of Cox proportional hazard model developed in order to identify the importance of employment for a first and a second childbirth for Polish women born in 1960 and after. The analysis is based on data from the first wave of the Generations and Gender Survey GGS-PL. The results show: a) positive and statistically significant effect of employment on the risk of having a first and a second child, b) negative, although weak impact of the length of statutory maternity leave on the risk of having a second child. The results cast in doubt the effectiveness of the new reform that introduces the possibility of taking longer maternity leaves in order to boost fertility

Znaczenie postaw wobec kulturowych ról płci, rodzinnego wzorca pracy matek oraz podziału obowiązków domowych i rodzicielskich dla zatrudnienia matek małych dzieci w Polsce

The paper presents estimation results of a logistic regression developed in order to explore such predictors of employment of mothers with children up to 14 years old in Poland as maternal attitudes towards cultural gender roles, a parental family of a working mother and sharing household and childcare duties between parents. The analysis was based on the data from the first wave of the Generations and Gender Survey (GGS-PL1). It was found that the family pattern of a working mother significantly increased the chances of employment of her daughter having her own offspring. Egalitarian attitudes towards gender roles have not proved to be a significant predictor of maternal employment. However, the stronger mother’s approval of the statement that “a small child suffers when his/her mother works” was, the lower the likelihood was of her employment. A larger number of children turned out to be a stimulus for maternal employment when the division of responsibilities between partners and the extent of informal childcare use were controlled for in the model

Ternary Complex Formation and Competition Quench Fluorescence of ZnAF Family Zinc Sensors

Our current understanding of the intracellular thermodynamics and kinetics of Zn(II) ions is largely based on the application of fluorescent sensor molecules, used to study and visualize the concentration, distribution and transport of Zn(II) ions in real time. Such agents are designed for high selectivity for zinc in respect to other biological metal ions. However, the issue of their sensitivity to physiological levels of 10 low molecular weight Zn(II) ligands (LMWLs) has not been addressed. We followed the effects of eight such compounds on the fluorescence of ZnAF-1 and ZnAF-2F, two representatives of ZnAF family of fluorescein-based zinc sensors containing the N,N-bis(2-pyridylmethyl)ethylenediamine chelating unit. Fluorescence titrations of equimolar Zn(II)/ZnAF-1 and Zn(II)/ZnAF-2F solutions with acetate, phosphate, citrate, glycine, glutamic acid, histidine, ATP and GSH demonstrated strong fluorescence 15 quenching. These results are interpreted in terms of an interplay of the formation of the [ZnAF-Zn(II)- LMWL] ternary complexes and the competition for Zn(II) between ZnAF and LMWLs. UV-vis spectroscopic titrations revealed the existence of supramolecular interactions between the fluorescein moiety of ZnAF-1 and ATP and His, which, however, did not contribute to fluorescence quenching. Therefore, the obtained results show that the ZnAF sensors, other currently used zinc sensors containing 20 the N,N-bis(2-pyridylmethyl)ethylenediamine unit, and, in general, all sensors that do not saturate the Zn(II) coordination sphere, may co-report cellular metabolites and Zn(II) ions, leading to misrepresentations of the concentrations and fluxes of biological zinc

Making Work Pay: Increasing Labour Supply of Secondary Earners in Low Income Families with Children

In-work support through the tax-benefit system has proved to be an effective way of increasing labour supply of lone mothers and first earners in couples in a number of OECD countries. At the same time these instruments usually create negative employment incentives for secondary earners. This in turn reduces the potential of in-work support to address the joint objectives of higher employment and lower poverty levels. In this paper we present a simulation exercise to examine labour supply implications of a diverse set of possible reforms to the main elements of tax and benefit support of families with children. We set the analysis in the context of the Polish tax and benefit system and show how an adequate combination of increased generosity of support with the introduction of a "double earner" premium may result in increased labour supply of first and second earners in couples. The simulated reactions are concentrated in the lower half of the income distribution thus increasing the potential of in-work support to alleviate poverty

Perception of stress and coping strategies in a group of people working on a farm - a cross-sectional study

Wstęp. Praca w gospodarstwie rolnym cechuje się wieloma niebezpieczeństwami, które mogą wynikać z oddziaływania czynników biologicznych, chemicznych, czy mechanicznych na ludzki organizm. Rolnicy wielokrotnie doświadczają obciążenia psychicznego i fizycznego. Cel pracy. Celem pracy była ocena ogólnego wskaźnika natężenia spostrzeganego stresu, strategii radzenia sobie ze stresem, poznanie czynników generujących stres w grupie osób pracujących w gospodarstwie rolnym, a także określenie zależności między wymienionymi zmiennymi, a czynnikami socjodemograficznymi. Materiał i metodyka. Badanie zostało przeprowadzone w 2019 roku i uczestniczyło w nim 165 osób pracujących w gospodarstwie rolnym zlokalizowanym na terenie małopolski. Zastosowano standaryzowane narzędzia badawcze - Skalę Odczuwanego Stresu (PSS-10), Inwentarz do Pomiaru Radzenia Sobie ze Stresem Mini-COPE oraz autorski kwestionariusz ankiety. Podczas analizy przyjęto poziom istotności a=0,05. Wyniki. Ponad połowa ankietowanych odczuwała przeciętny poziom stresu. Osoby pracujące w gospodarstwie rolnym najczęściej stosowały strategie: Aktywnego Radzenia Sobie, Planowania i Akceptacji, natomiast najrzadziej strategie: Zażywania Substancji Psychoaktywnych, Zaprzeczania i Zaprzestania Działań. Odnotowano istotne różnice w percepcji stresu pomiędzy grupami wiekowymi, posiadanym wykształceniem oraz statusem zawodowym. Wnioski. Większość badanych osób pracujących w gospodarstwie rolnym odczuwało przeciętny poziom stresu, z którym radzili sobie stosując głównie strategie zorientowane na problemie. Jednak wraz ze wzrostem napięcia spowodowanego stresem, respondenci istotnie częściej sięgali po mniej efektywne strategie zaradcze.Introduction. Work on a farm is characterized by many dangers that result from the action of biological, chemical and mechanical factors harmful to the functioning o f the human body. Farmers experience the psychological and physical burden a lot. Aim. The aim o f the study was to assess the overall perceived stress intensity index, coping strategies and stress generating factors in the group o f people working on a farm, as well as to determine the relationship between these variables and sociodemographic factors. Material and methods. The study was conducted in 2019 and 165 people working on a farm located in Lesser Poland participated in it. Standardized research tools were used - the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10), the Brief COPE Inventory and original questionnaire. During the data analysis the significance level was a = 0.05. Results. Over half o f the respondents fe lt average levels of stress. People working on a farm used the strategies: Active coping, Planning, Acceptance the most often, and the strategies: Substance use, Denial and Behavioural disengagement - the least. There is a relationship between the perception of stress and age, the level of agricultural education and the professional status of the respondents. Conclusions. Most o f the people working on the farm felt the average level o f stress and they were dealing w ith this mainly using problem-oriented strategies. However, w ith the increase in tension caused by stress, respondents significantly more often reached for less effective remedial strategies

The Contextualized Inclusiveness of Parental Leave Benefits

This article builds on a recent operationalization of inclusiveness of parental leave benefits proposed by Ivana Dobrotić and Sonja Blum and complements it by developing indicators of contextualized inclusiveness. This contextualized approach sets the formal entitlement and eligibility rules of social rights to parental leave benefits in the relevant socio‐economic context of the country to which these rules apply. The aim is to shed light on the extent to which parts of the country’s population are actually excluded or are at risk of being excluded from access to parental leave at a given moment in time. This is strongly shaped by, among other factors, the structure of the population according to employment status, job tenure or type of contract. An important characteristic of the methodological approach adopted in this article is that the proposed contextualized indicators are based on easily and publicly available and internationally comparable data. This makes the approach easily applicable by wide audiences, academic and practice‐oriented ones alike. The proposed indicators are then applied to sixteen European countries and show a much more diversified and nuanced landscape of contextualized inclusiveness of parental leave entitlements in Europe than the comparison of formal inclusiveness done by Dobrotić and Blum suggested. This study also shows that higher formal inclusiveness of employment‐based parental leave benefits was more common in countries with higher shares of those social groups that, in case of less inclusive regulations, would not have access to parental benefits

Regulation and institutional framework

While developing the state regulatory framework, economic and social values, con­sidered as factors motivating particular interest groups that can be for and against the regulation, become particularly important. The challenge is to determine which of those values should be prioritised. Although we can list a number of factors that determine the significance of specific values, the starting point for the exercise should be the institutional framework

Spatial critical infrastructure and the role of the national postal operator in improving the flow of information

PURPOSE: The aim of the article is to indicate how national postal operators can secure the flow of information within the critical infrastructure of the state. The article poses the following research hypothesis - the activity of national postal operators will allow securing the flow of information within the critical infrastructure of the state. With reference to the stated objective and the adopted hypothesis, the article poses the following research question - what specific actions should be taken by postal operators to ensure the efficient flow of information within the critical infrastructure? In an attempt to answer the question, the article first addresses the essence of critical infrastructure, then focuses on presenting the threats that arise within critical infrastructure. A key element of the article is the presentation of proposals for measures aimed at the efficient flow of information within critical infrastructures using the potential of the national postal operator.DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH: A critical analysis of the literature and an observational method using argumentation to support generalised theses were used to achieve the aim. In addition, the induction and deduction method, the comparison and generalisation method and the synthesis method were used.FINDINGS: The analysis carried out allowed the identification of key actions to secure the flow of information within the state's critical infrastructure. The analysis has shown that national postal operators have both the experience and the potential to efficiently secure the flow of information within the state's critical infrastructure.PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: The problems of securing an efficient flow of information within the critical infrastructure presented in the article demonstrate the necessity to develop security solutions. It is important to prepare such protection solutions, which would not allow the destruction of elements forming the state infrastructure. In addition, it is important to provide solutions which, in the event of a disruption in their functioning, organise substitute functions by another link in order to reduce the losses resulting from an incident.ORIGINALITY/VALUE: The article presents the results of own desk research. The issue presented has not previously been addressed in discussions published internationally.The project is financed within the framework of the program of the Minister of Science and Higher Education under the name “Regional Excellence Initiative” in the years 2019 – 2022; project number 001/RID/2018/19; the amount of financing PLN 10,684,000.00peer-reviewe