A problem of the study and regeneration of small rivers on Tatarstan territory

© SGEM2017 All Right Reserved. The numerous cases of the upper headwaters drying are observed in the plains of the Middle Volga region. The reasons of the streamflow change pertain to the reduction of forest vegetation and the change of its species composition. More than 1000 cartographic materials for more than 200 years, as well as aerial and satellite imagery were used during the research of forest vegetation breadth. Currently, the forest and the forest-field landscapes prevail in the north of Tatarstan, where coniferous-deciduous forests are widespread. The forest-fields, as well as the field landscapes are common in the west and south of Tatarstan, where deciduous forests and forest-steppe are prevalent. In the field landscapes the water runoff in the flood time increases to 65% of the total annual runoff, while the monthly summer runoff of low water reduces by 2.5 times compared to forest landscapes. The studies have shown that over the past about140 years the quantity of the first-order watercourses has reduced by 1.5 times in the area of mixed forests, whilst in the forest-steppe zone the quantity of the first-order watercourses has decreased by nearly 2.7 times. At the same time woodland in different regions of Tatarstan has decreased by 1.6-2.8 times for the same period of time. Low of the forest cover (17.9%), as well as the species composition of forests, in which the coniferous species as the most valuable for the infiltration does not exceed 24% from the forest area, are characterized for of Tatarstan territory. Coniferous plantations by more than half are presented the unstable monocultures of pine

Buried soils in the floodplains of small rivers of Middle Volga

Synchronization processes of soil formation and deposition of alluvium brought to the flood plain with affluent and flood waters are characteristic for floodplain soils. In the presence of natural terrains in the watersheds warpage is gradually processed in soil-forming process, layering of sediment disappears and good humus soil is formed in floodplain. In the floodplains of small rivers of different terrain zones of the Middle Volga the age of three buried hydromorphic soils is determined by radiocarbon method. This allowed to determine the periods of stabilization and strengthening of the accumulation of floodplain alluvial during the last seven thousand years. Formation of the lower buried soil at the depth of 3.5 m (age about 6800 years) coincides with Atlantic period - the Holocene climatic optimum. The development of the second layer of buried soil (with the age of three-four thousand years), which is located at a depth of 1.8 m from the day surface, is at the end of the Holocene subboreal period. The uppermost buried soil, the age of which is about 1200-2400 years was developed in Sub-Atlantic period of the Holocene. In the past 30-600 years, there was an intensive accumulation of alluvium and the formation of warpage on top of the buried soil, largely due to human activities. As a result of anthropogenic changes in basins of small rivers accumulation of material on the floodplain increased, and at the same time the rate of soil formation started to lag behind the rate of accumulation

The role of vegetation in conservation of small rivers in the Middle Volga

© 2015, Mediterranean Center of Social and Educational Research. All rights reserved. The numerous cases of the upper headwaters drying are observed in the plains of the Middle Volga region. The reasons of the streamflow change pertain to the reduction of forest vegetation and the change of its species composition. The studies have shown that over the past 120 years the quantity of the first-order watercourses has reduced by 1.5 times in the areas of coniferous and mixed forests, whilst in the forest-steppe zone the quantity of the first-order watercourses has decreased by nearly 2.5 times

Phytotherapy in the Treatment of Chronic Generalized Periodontitis

Clinical evaluation of the effectiveness of the treatment in comparison groups revealed a significant improvement in the condition periodontal tissues based on the values of periodontal indices. Assessing the level of hygiene of patients, the degree of bleeding of the dentogingival sulcus, significantly lower values were obtained in patients of the group to whom Chlorophyllipt phytopreparations and the innovative homogeneous Laminalife gel were used sequentially and in combination

Features of the study creep and floodplain defluxion in the Raifa region Of The Greater Volga-Kama Biosphere Reserve (GVKBR) "UNESCO"

The phenomenon of a slow displacement of unconsolidated soil that is widely known by the term "creep" (from English creep - crawl) and "defluxion" (from German defluktion - drip, leak) covers almost all slopes of dry land. In order to identify the geomorphological role of this phenomenon stationary studies of creep and floodplain defluxion of small rivers in valleys of the Middle Volga are widely held. In general, the cause of the displacement is a permanent force of gravity, slopes, soil conditions and other factors. Creep and defluxion appear due to soil volume changes which occur as a result of temperature compression and expansion, freezing and thawing, swelling and shrinkage of soil, and development and dying off of the root system of plants. The relief of the investigated area (on the example of Raifa region of the Greater Volga-Kama Biosphere Reserve (GVKBR) "UNESCO") was created as a result of a long interaction between processes of internal and external dynamics

Modern Japanese paintings (Yoga) and Cultural Interaction Studies -The artworks of Kanokogi, Yorozu, Maeta, and painters following the French Salon de Mai group of artists-

Since the Edo era, among the collections of modern Japanese art, "Yoga", or oil paintings followed Chinese culture and paintings，but subsequent new developments in "Yoga" were achieved during the Meiji era by gradually stepping out of the traditional ways of Chinese painting. This article presents a new aspect of cultural interaction studies in Japanese modern "Yoga" by considering the works of Japanese artists such as Kanokogi Takeshiro, Yorozu Tetsugoro, Maeta Kanji, and those who were greatly influenced by the French group of artists called the "Salon de Mai". The painters discussed in this article were active in the Meiji, Taisho, and early Showa eras as well as the period immediately after the 2nd World War. The characteristics of their painting are analyzed in order to examine a new category of studies of cultural interaction on Japanese art history through an introduction of artistic modification and interaction with Western culture. The artworks of Japanese painters who appreciated artistic skills in Western-style art and culture are discussed, but this article places a particular emphasis on how modern Japanese "Yoga" has been evaluated in the history of Japanese art.文部科学省グローバルCOEプログラム 関西大学文化交渉学教育研究拠点東アジアの言語と表

Influence of agricultural development and climate changes on the drainage valley density of the southern half of the Russian Plain

© 2016 International Research and Training Centre on Erosion and Sedimentation / the World Association for Sedimentation and Erosion ResearchThe southern half of the Russian Plain is characterized by a relatively short history of intensively ploughed lands. The duration varies from approximately three centuries in the southern part of the forest zone to less than one century in some parts of the steppe zone. It was found that after cultivation, on more than 40% of lands in river basins the drainage valley density (Ddv) decreased by 15–58% in all landscape zones. In the first stage, the Ddv decrease was mostly associated with increasing surface runoff coefficient after cultivation of virgin lands with proportional decreases in groundwater runoff. In the second stage, usually after reaching areas of arable lands in river basins >60%, the volume of eroded sediments entering small river channels exceeded the transport capacities of the permanent watercourses. As a result, the river channels completely silted. In later stages, the sediment redistribution cascade within the small river basins of the Russian Plain stabilized because of the increasing proportion of sediment eroded from the basin areas and re-deposited before entering the river channels because of the increasing area of sediment sinks due to the increase in dry valley lengths and total areas. The morphological parameters of small valleys and groundwater discharges are the key parameters that affect the intensity of small river aggradation on the regional scale

Experience of field geomorphological research study on the territory of the Volzhsko-Kamsky natural reserve

© MCSER-Mediterranean Center of Social and Educational Research. Since the 1940s on the territory of the Raifsky site of Bolshoy Volzhsko-Kamsky biospherical reserve (BVKBR) "UNESCO" the geomorphological conditions are subject to very detailed study. The study of modern geomorphological phenomena and processes on the territory of the Raifsky reserve was the main purpose of the work and geomorphological studies. Formation of the relief the territory under study is closely connected with the history of development of the valley of the Volga River. The territory of the reserve is very heterogeneous by morphology, genesis and history of the development of land forms. It is important to identify the interaction of the relief with the processes of territory development and settlement, i.e. geomorphological conditions are the pledge of successful development of the region

Phyto-geographical approach in creation urban landscapes (by the example of Kazan City)

A great emphasis in the urbanized landscapes is laid on the reconstruction of the existing natural vegetation and the formation of artificial greenery. Green construction projects must take into account data on the biological characteristics of tree species and their adaptation to the specific growing conditions, as well as understand the peculiarity of the geographical conditions and abiotic environmental factors emerging in urban environment. We have identified 99 species and forms on the territory of the residential areas of Kazan, as well as held biomorphological analysis of the morphostructural and ecological features of dendroflora. Based on data on landscape features within the urban areas we have distinguished 10 types of plants subject to their anthropogenic transformation. For each of them, we have conducted assessment of their habitat conditions by indication methods, as well as proposed groups of species of trees and shrubs able to form sustainable plant communities

Lithologic conditions of inundated slope defluction in river valleys of the eastern east European plain

The field stationary researches carried out within the last 30 years proved ubiquitous development of soil and ground masses sluggish movements on slopes and in the bottoms of river valleys. Speeds of these movements and their distribution are determined by slope vertical and profile. The purpose of this article is to establish dependence of similar movements on various natural factors intensity. Our own field research data confirm that the maximal speed of friable material shift is observed in clays and heavy loams, and minimum speeds of shift are typical for mild loamy structure deposits. For sand intensity of creep fades so that the size of soil peripheral speed shift is within limiting measurement accuracies. The inundated defluction study showed the shifting of top inundated alluvion depth in a lengthwise direction on the valley bottom and change of this shifting direction with depth. Average peripheral speed of upper inundated alluvion shift, according to results of the plates position concerning the profile line and the fixed reference point in the bottom of exploring shaft, changed from 0,3 to 60 mm * year-1. The maximal shift was observed near waterway bed, and minimum - at the rear seam of the bottom. Intensity of longitudinal shift is in direct dependence on biases of longitudinal profile of the river and alluvion mechanical structure. In the upper alluvion part, a loamy facies inundated alluvion, the average size of shift made 47 mm * year-1. In the bottom part the inundated alluvion within river facies the sandy structure speed decreases to 0,2-0,3 mm/year. From the depth of 1 m speed fades sharply