Synthesis and structural analyses of Bis(2-oxo-2,3-Dihydropyrimidin-1-ium) Tetrachloro zincate (II) [H2pymo][ZnCl4] and Bis(pyrimidin-2-olate) zinc(II) [Zn(pymo)2]

The preparation of [H2pymo][ZnCl4] by reacting [H2pymo]Cl and ZnCl2 in the solid state is reported using the state of the arts techniques in crystal engineering and solid state methods. Single crystal X-ray diffraction revealed an orthorhombic crystal in the Pnma space group The structures of complex metal salt was studied and analysed using X-ray single crystal structure determination and X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) methods and elemental analyses were used to further characterize and establish the composition of the crystalline salts. Solid state mechanochemical methods were then explored to synthesize Bis(pyrimidin-2-olate) zinc(II) [Zn(pymo)2] (a metal-organic framework) between zinc metal and pyrimidine ligands.Keywords: Mechanochemistry, crystal engineering, metal-organic framework, pyrimidin

Solid state syntheses and interconversion of new metal salts and their coordination compounds

The state of the art in crystal engineering and solid state chemistry were exploited to prepare new crystalline solids [H4biim][MCl4] complexes (M = Co, 1; Cu, 2; Zn, 3) and [MCl2(H2biim)] (M = Co, 4; Cu, 5; Zn, 6) by solid state methods. The crystalline salts [H4biim][MCl4] (M = Co, Cu, Zn) contain anionic metal complexes (perchlorometallate) which are hydrogen bonded to organic cations (H2biim) decorated with NH H-bond donor groups, are synthesized via various solid state methods and then dehydrochlorinated via thermal or mechanochemical methods to obtain the coordination compounds [MCl2(H2biim)]. X-ray single crystal structure determination, powder diffraction (XRDP), thermogravimetric and elemental analyses were used in the preliminary characterization of the new salts and the derived materials.Keywords: Mechanochemical, Complexes, Cations, Synthesi

Serological evaluation of protective immunity against tetanus in pregnant women attending some rural hospitals in Kano state, northern Nigeria

A study on serological evaluation of protective immunity in pregnant women against tetanus was conducted in two rural hospitals in Kano State, northern Nigeria using immuno-electrophoresis and indirect haemmagglutination techniques. A total of sixty (thirty from each hospital) pregnant women (aged 11-45 years) were used to assess their level of protection against tetanus. Details on client’s age, socio-economic status and number of tetanus toxoid injections received during antenatal visits were obtained using structured questionnaire method. Blood samples were collected and analysed for serum and anti-tetanus antibodies as well as the total protein content. The titre values obtained were statistically analysed using one-way ANOVA to see the effects of age, socio-economic status and number of tetanus toxoid injections received on the mean percentage and concentration of albumin, Ig-A, Ig-G and the total proteins of the subjects. Results obtained showed that the highest percentage and concentration of serum albumin recorded throughout the study period were 73.05 ± 9.16% and 55.30 ± 4.97 g/dl at Tiga Dam and Gaya General Hospitals respectively. The highest levels of serum Ig-A were 18.50 ± 1.53% and 13.85 ± 1.21 g/dl both at Gaya. Similarly, the highest levels of serum Ig-G were 15.21 ± 25.81% and 11.55 ± 3.57 g/dl both at Gaya while the highest value of the total protein recorded was 80.23 ± 0.83 g/dl at Tiga. Results of the indirect haemmagglutination analysis indicated that the highest and lowest titre values were 1:922 and 1:13 HU/ml respectively. It was generally observed that age, socio-economic status and number of toxoid tetanus injections demonstrated significant (P < 0.05) influence on the levels of serum albumin, Ig-A, Ig-G and the total proteins. Similarly, clients with more than three injections of tetanus toxoid were observed to elicit higher (P < 0.05) antibody response as compared to those who did not receive any injection (P > 0.05)

Synthesis and Physicochemical Properties of Copper (II) Complex with a Schiff base Derived from 2 – Hydroxy – 1 – naphthaldehyde and Ethylenediammine

Synthesis of Copper (II) complex with a Schiff base derived from the condensation of 2 – hydroxyl-1-naphthaldehyde and ethylenediammine was carried out. Solubility, melting/decomposition temperature, molar conductance, potentiometric as well as uv-visible spectrophotometric studies were carried out. The pKa of the Schiff base was determined potentiometrically and checked using ORIGIN 50 method. Potentiometric studies revealed 1:1 metal to ligand ratio. Job’s method of continuous variation also revealed 1:1 metal to ligand ratio. Molar conductance measurements showed that the complex is non electrolyte with very high stability constant value. Gibb’s free energy determination showed that the complex is very stable as shown by the high decomposition temperature measurements.Keywords: Complex, Potentiometry, Schiff base, Stability constan

Reducing the environmental impact of surgery on a global scale: systematic review and co-prioritization with healthcare workers in 132 countries

Background Healthcare cannot achieve net-zero carbon without addressing operating theatres. The aim of this study was to prioritize feasible interventions to reduce the environmental impact of operating theatres. Methods This study adopted a four-phase Delphi consensus co-prioritization methodology. In phase 1, a systematic review of published interventions and global consultation of perioperative healthcare professionals were used to longlist interventions. In phase 2, iterative thematic analysis consolidated comparable interventions into a shortlist. In phase 3, the shortlist was co-prioritized based on patient and clinician views on acceptability, feasibility, and safety. In phase 4, ranked lists of interventions were presented by their relevance to high-income countries and low–middle-income countries. Results In phase 1, 43 interventions were identified, which had low uptake in practice according to 3042 professionals globally. In phase 2, a shortlist of 15 intervention domains was generated. In phase 3, interventions were deemed acceptable for more than 90 per cent of patients except for reducing general anaesthesia (84 per cent) and re-sterilization of ‘single-use’ consumables (86 per cent). In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for high-income countries were: introducing recycling; reducing use of anaesthetic gases; and appropriate clinical waste processing. In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for low–middle-income countries were: introducing reusable surgical devices; reducing use of consumables; and reducing the use of general anaesthesia. Conclusion This is a step toward environmentally sustainable operating environments with actionable interventions applicable to both high– and low–middle–income countries

Reducing the environmental impact of surgery on a global scale: systematic review and co-prioritization with healthcare workers in 132 countries

Abstract Background Healthcare cannot achieve net-zero carbon without addressing operating theatres. The aim of this study was to prioritize feasible interventions to reduce the environmental impact of operating theatres. Methods This study adopted a four-phase Delphi consensus co-prioritization methodology. In phase 1, a systematic review of published interventions and global consultation of perioperative healthcare professionals were used to longlist interventions. In phase 2, iterative thematic analysis consolidated comparable interventions into a shortlist. In phase 3, the shortlist was co-prioritized based on patient and clinician views on acceptability, feasibility, and safety. In phase 4, ranked lists of interventions were presented by their relevance to high-income countries and low–middle-income countries. Results In phase 1, 43 interventions were identified, which had low uptake in practice according to 3042 professionals globally. In phase 2, a shortlist of 15 intervention domains was generated. In phase 3, interventions were deemed acceptable for more than 90 per cent of patients except for reducing general anaesthesia (84 per cent) and re-sterilization of ‘single-use’ consumables (86 per cent). In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for high-income countries were: introducing recycling; reducing use of anaesthetic gases; and appropriate clinical waste processing. In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for low–middle-income countries were: introducing reusable surgical devices; reducing use of consumables; and reducing the use of general anaesthesia. Conclusion This is a step toward environmentally sustainable operating environments with actionable interventions applicable to both high– and low–middle–income countries

Solid state synthesis and characterization of pyrazole and pyrazolates complexes of Cobalt (II) ions

There were two ways used to synthesized cobalt (II) complexes of pyrazole by solid state. The first route involved direct reaction of the appropriate cobalt (II) acetate with pyrazole and pyrazolium chloride to form bispyrazole cobalt(II) salts, [(HPz)2CoCl2]. This was further ground in the second route with a two equivalents of a base (KOH) to make polymeric cobalt (II) pyrazolate [Co(Pz)2]. In all the synthesis above the ratio of ligand to cobalt (II) acetate was 2:1. All the cobalt (II) complexes were found to be of different colour from the starting materials and were characterized using solubility test, which showed that the complexes have poor solubility in most of the solvents used except in dimethylsulfoxide where they were soluble and the molar conductivity measurements of the complexes have low values (ranging from 6.44-6.45Ω-1cm2mol-1) which showed that they are non-electrolytes. The decomposition temperature showed that all the complexes have relatively low decomposition temperatures (93°C- 95°C). Characterization of the complexes via infrared analysis confirmed the coordination of metal with the ligand through pyridine-nitrogen and deprotonated-nitrogen in the range of 435.93cm-1 Co-N bonds and 406.99cm-1Co –N (for the route A and B respectively). The magnetic susceptibility measurements were carried out at room temperature and the effective magnetic moment values for all the complexes further confirmed complexation of the metal (II) ions with the ligand and also indicates that the cobalt (II) complexes are paramagnetic. The plot of absorbance against mole fraction in each case gives a curve with maximum absorbance corresponding to the ligand mole fraction used in calculating the number of coordinated ligands and 1:2 metal-ligand ratios were obtained in all the complexes. Keywords:&nbsp; Mechanochemical, Pyrazole, Pyrazolate, Grinding, Mechanochemical Elimination

A comprehensive review of barriers to a functional Zakat system in Nigeria: what needs to be done?

Purpose: Muslims in Nigeria, like in many Muslim-majority countries, are striving to have a functional Zakat system in search of solutions to the perennial problem of poverty and its damning consequences. Nevertheless, there are still unsettled concerns arising from the current and widespread implementation of dissimilar (diverse) approaches to the Zakat system in various parts of the country. The purpose of this paper is to review comprehensively what are the hindrances of a vibrant Zakat system and how far the identified impediments may affect the system in the Nigerian context.Design/methodology/approach:The methodology adopted is the review of extant relevant literature in the field of scholarly publications.Findings: The findings of this study revealed that the fragmented implementation of the Zakat system within the context of the Nigerian democratic system of government lead to the weak governance with respect to law, administration and management; lack of a generally accepted fatwa from the Muslims scholars (Ulamas); absence of Zakat accounting standard; and low compliance behavior are the major barriers that require the attention of government and other stakeholders such as the traditional leaders, the accounting regulatory bodies, the Ulamas, as well as the economic and accounting researchers.Practical implications: It was recommended that the stakeholders should make concerted efforts toward ensuring success of the Zakat system for attaining salvation in the hereafter and for social security, as well as economic prosperity. Originality/value: The paper is the first paper that comprehensively reviews previous literature in the Zakat environment on factors that become barriers to implement a comprehensive Zakat system in Nigeria