Study on Factors Affecting Cinnamon Harvest in Sri Lanka

This study focused on evaluating the factors influencing cinnamon harvest in Sri Lanka, particularly in the Karandeniya area. Adopting the quantitative research methodology, data was collected from 50 cinnamon cultivators through a self-administered questionnaire, along with secondary data. The analysis utilized correlation and multiple linear regression techniques. The findings revealed that Logistical and Infrastructure Related Factors and Operational and Managerial Related Factors had a significant positive relationship with Average Annual Cinnamon Harvest, while Policy and Institutional Factors showed a significant negative correlation. The results of regression analysis confirmed the significant impact of Logistical and Infrastructure Related Factors, Policy and Institutional Related Factors, and Operational and Managerial Factors on Average Annual Harvest. It is recommended that policymakers prioritize these factors to foster the development of the cinnamon sector in Sri Lank

A convenient chromatography-free access to enantiopure 6,6'-di-tert-butyl-1,1'-binaphthalene-2,2'-diol and its 3,3'-dibromo, di-tert-butyl and phosphorus derivatives: utility in asymmetric synthesis

A simple chromatography-free high-yielding synthesis of the hexane-soluble enantiopure 6,6'-di-tert-butyl-1,1'-binaphthalene-2,2'-diol 3 (6,6'-di-tert-butyl BINOL) using Friedel-Crafts reaction on 1,1'-binaphthalene-2,2'-diol 1 (BINOL) is described. The enantiomeric purity was fully maintained in the reaction. Compound 3 has been used as an entry point for the convenient chromatography-free synthesis of 3,3',6,6'-tetra-tert-butyl BINOL 4 and 3,3'-dibromo-6,6'-di-tert-butyl BINOL 5. A straightforward route to enantiopure bisphosphites [(6,6'-R2C20H10O2)P]2[O2C20H10-6,6'-R2] [R = H 15, t-Bu 16] by simply reacting phosphorochloridite (6,6'-R2C20H10O2)PCl [R = H20, t-Bu 6] with metallic sodium is highlighted. The identity of 15 and 16 as their selenium-oxidized products 17 and 18 (at phosphorus center) is confirmed by X-ray crystallography (17 in the enantiopure form and 18 as racemate). Various enantiopure phosphoramidites of the modified BINOL have been synthesized. It is established that even when the phosphoramidites derived from the unsusbstituted BINOL 1 fail to give an appreciable optical induction in the asymmetric reduction of acetophenone/phenacyl chloride, those derived from 3 do induce moderate chiral induction (up to 30% ee in the case for acetophenone and 43% ee in the case of phenacyl chloride), thus leaving scope for further improvement in ee for related reactions

Evaluation of tubal patency by sonosalpingography is as good as hysterosalpingography in infertile women

Background: Tubal pathology is one of the causes of infertility in sub fertile couples. Therefore, evaluation of fallopian tubes forms an essential part of evaluation in a sub fertile woman. The aim of the study was to compare the efficacy of sonosalpingography which is a less invasive method when compared to hysterosalpingogram for evaluation of utero-tubal factor in females.Methods: A total of 95 patients 69 with primary infertility and 26 with secondary infertility attending our Obstetrics and Gynecology department were recruited for the study from June 2016 to July 2017. All the study subjects underwent Sonosalpingography on day 5th to 7th and Hysterosalpingography on 7th to 9th day of the menstrual cycle. Data was collected and compared to assess the sensitivity and specificity of sonosalpingography over hysterosalpingography. Statistical analysis was done by using SPSS software version 16.0.Results: Sonosalpingography (SSG) has 97% sensitivity and 94% specificity in comparison to hysterosalpingography (HSG). Analysis of the raw data gave positive predictive value of 98.3% and negative predictive value of 75%. From the results of this study it clear that there is no statistically significant difference (p = 0.237) between the results of the two methods (SSG and HSG).Conclusions: As sonosalpingogrpahy has high sensitivity and specificity and is less invasive. It should be used initially to assess tubal patency in cases of infertility. SSG is found to be a reliable, relatively less expensive diagnostic and therapeutic procedure in the management of infertility in females. Easy availability and accessibility of ultrasound in all primary health care centers definitely can prove superior to conventional method of diagnosis of tubal patency in such patient

Ferrocenyl substituted chlorostilbenes and butadienes

The readily accessible α-chlorophosphonates (OCH2CMe2CH2O)P(O)CH(Cl)---C6H4-4-R [1: R=Me (a), OMe (b), Cl (c), H (d)] react with ferrocenecarboxaldehyde in the presence of NaH [Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons reaction] to give good yields of ferrocenyl substituted chlorostilbenes. The novel bis ferrocenyl butadiene C5H5FeC5H4---CH=CH---C(CN)CHC5H4FeC5H5 (9) as well as the ferrocenyl 2-cyano-1,3-butadienes 4-R---C6H4---CH=CH---C(CN)=CHC5H4FeC5H5 [R=Me (10a), OMe (10b), Cl (10c)] have been obtained by using the new allylphosphonate (OCH2CMe2CH2O)P(O)CH2C(CN)=CHC5H4FeC5H5 (8); the latter compound was prepared in good yields by the reaction of the Baylis-Hillman adduct, C5H5FeC5H4CH(OH)C(CN)=CH2 (7), with the chlorophosphite (OCH2CMe2CH2O)PCl. The electrochemical behavior of the ferrocenyl compounds thus synthesized has been studied; two reversible one-electron processes are observed in the case of compound 9 suggesting a cooperative interaction between the two ferrocenyl residues

Cyclic chlorophosphites as scaffolds for the one-pot synthesis of α-aminophosphonates under solvent-free conditions

New α-aminophosphonates of the type (OCH2CMe2CH2O)P(O)CH(NHCO2R)(R') [6a-i, 7a-e, and 8a-c] have been synthesized in high yields by a three-component reaction using (OCH2CMe2CH2O)PCl (3), benzamide (or urethane or benzyl carbamate), and an aldehyde without using any catalyst under solvent-free conditions. This route can be readily adapted for bis-aminophosphonates as well as optically active binaphthoxy α-aminophosphonates; it also tolerates the phenolic -OH group as shown by the synthesis of hydroxy functionalized aminophosphonates. Partial hydrolysis of compounds 7a-d leads to products in which the phosphorinane ring is cleaved first. Compounds (OCH2CMe2CH2O)P(O)CH[NHC(O)Ph](9-anthryl) (6f) and optically pure (R,S)-(-)-(C20H12O2)P(O)CH(NHCO2Et)(Ph) (14a) were characterized by X-ray crystallography

Hydrophosphonylation of activated alkenes and alkynes via fluoride ion activation in ionic liquid medium

A simple transition metal-free hydro/hydrothiophosphonylation of Baylis-Hillman adducts, substituted allyl bromides, allenylphosphonates and alkynes, promoted by fluoride ion in ionic liquid, is described. Clear-cut evidence for fluoride activation of the phosphite via pentacoordinate phosphorus is provided for the first time. Also, in a comparative reaction, the product obtained was different from that from the palladium catalyzed one. Structures of key products are proven by X-ray crystallography

Allylation of p-ketoaldehydes and functionalized imines by diallyltin dibromide: formation of skipped and conjugated dienes

Diallyltin dibromide reacts with β-keto-aldehydes possessing no aromatic side groups and with (hydroxy) aryl imines to afford the expected homoallyl alcohols or amines respectively. With β-ketoaldehydes having aromatic side groups, skipped or conjugated dienes are obtained depending on whether or not an aqueous work up procedure is used

The first structural study on a cyclic tricoordinate phosphorochloridite and a pentacoordinate phosphorane based on 1,2,3,5-protected myo-inositol-a new conformation of 1,3,2-dioxaphosphorinane ring

Treatment of the phosphoramidite {myo-C6H6-2-[OC(O)Ph]-1,3,5-(O3CH)-4,6-(O2P-NH-i-Pr)} with o-chloranil affords the first example of inositol-based pentacoordinate phosphorane {myo-C6H6-2-[OC(O)Ph]-1,3,5-(O3CH)-4,6-(O2P-NH-i-Pr)(1,2-O2C6Cl4)} (9) (X-ray structure) with a trigonal bipyramidal geometry at phosphorus. The six-membered 1,3,2-dioxaphosphorinane ring with the inositol residue has an unusual boat conformation in 9 which is quite different from that found in unrestrained rings investigated before, but is similar to that of its PIII chloro precursor {myo-C6H6-2-[OC(O)Ph]-1,3,5-(O3CH)-4,6-(O2PCl)} (X-ray structure). Also, a convenient and chromatography-free procedure for the protected myo-inositol derivative {myo-C6H6-2-[OC(O)Ph]-1,3,5-(O3CH)-4,6-(OH)2} is reported