Minimization of Volumetric Errors in CAD Medical Models Using 64 Slice Spiral CT Scanner

Sixty four slice spiral Computed Tomography (CT) scanner is one of the advanced CT scanners to capture the large volume of tissues and improved longitudinal resolution. The CT images are used to develop a 3-Dimensional (3D) Computer Aided Design (CAD) medical model. While developing a 3D CAD medical model volumetric errors occur due to partial volume or volume averaging effect. In order to study, various CT image construction parameters were considered to minimize the volumetric errors in 3D CAD medical models, a human dry mandible has been selected as a phantom. A Taguchi technique was used to find optimal CT image construction parameters. A L9 orthogonal array was used to optimize the CT image construction parameters constituting slice thickness, slice increment and Field of View (FOV) while performing CT image construction. The resultant optimal parameters are scrutinized using analysis of variance (ANOVA) method for its influence on the CT image construction. In this work, it has been found that there is a volumetric error of a 3D CAD medical model (STL file) from CT images of a dry mandible was 1978 mm3 (6.11%).Mechanical Engineerin

Experimental Investigation of Process Parameters on 64 Slice Spiral CT Scanner of Medical Models

Rapid Prototyping (RP) is one of the advanced manufacturing methods to develop medical models. These models are generated by 3-Dimensional (3D) Computer Aided Design (CAD) model using Computed Tomography (CT) images. One of the advanced CT scanners to capture the large volume of tissues in shorter scan time is 64 slice spiral CT scanner. While developing these medical models, dimensional and volumetric errors occur due to Beam Hardening (BH) effect. This work has led to explore the influence of various CT Image acquisition parameters on the dimensional and volumetric errors, which are evaluated experimentally. A L9 orthogonal array and signal to noise ratio are applied to study performance characteristics of CT image acquisition parameters like tube voltage, tube current and pitch. The experimental results are analyzed by using the analysis of variance (ANOVA) method and significant factors are identified. In this work, it has been concluded that there is a reduction of dimensional error from 1.43 mm to 0.52 mm and volumetric error from 6793 mm3 to 3892 mm3.Mechanical Engineerin

STUDIES ON GROUNDWATER QUALITY IN ANANTAPUR DISTRICT

ABSTRACT: Ground water is the main principal source for drinking water and other activities in Andhra Pradesh. It is the basic duty of every individual to conserve water resources. The present study attempts to bring an acute awareness among the people about the quality of ground water by taking water samples from 33 specific locations in Anantapur district to characterize the physicochemical parameters of Ground water. To assess the quality of groundwater, each parameter was compared with the standard desirable limit of that parameter in drinking water as prescribed by different agencies. This paper is a new study on water quality parameters in analyzing Anantapur district drinking water

Synthesis of Al and Ag nanoparticles through ultra-sonic dissociation of thermal evaporation deposited thin films for promising clinical applications as polymer nanocomposite

Nanoparticles (NPs) having well-defined shape, size and clean surface serve as ideal model system to investigate surface/interfacial reactions. Ag and Al NPs are receiving great interest due to their wide applications in bio-medical field, aerospace and space technology as combustible additives in propellants and hydrogen generation. Hence, in this study, we have synthesized Ag and Al NPs using an innovative approach of ultra-sonic dissociation of thin films. Phase and particle size distributions of the Ag and Al NPs have been determined by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Thin film dissociation/dissolution mechanism, hence conversion into NPs has been characterized by SEM- scanning electron microscope. EDXA & ICPMS have been performed for chemical analysis of NPs. Optical properties have been characterized by UV-Vis and PL spectroscopy. These NPs have also been investigated for their anti-bacterial activity against Escherichia coli bacteria. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time when NPs has been synthesized by ultra-sonic dissociation of thin films. As an application, these NPs were used further for synthesis of nanocomposite polymer membranes, which show excellent activity against bio film formation

Design & Manufacturing of Implant for reconstructive surgery: A Case Study

Additive Manufacturing (AM), also known as 3D printing is an emerging technology in oral & maxillofacial surgery with respect to reconstructive bone surgery. Such treatment protocols often require customized implants to fulfill the functional and aesthetic requirements. Currently, such customized implants are being manufactured using AM technology. This paper describes a mandible defect of oral & maxillofacial surgery. The fracture and defect of the mandible inferior border is one of the serious complications during alignment and fixing of the implant. Reconstruction of such defects is daunting tasks. The case report describes a method based on Computer Aided Design (CAD) and AM for individual design, fabrication and implantation of a mandible inferior border. A 40-year old male meet an accident with rash drive. The patient specific customized implant is designed with patient Computed Tomography (CT) data. The CT images in Digital Imaging and Communication in Medicine (DICOM) file format is used to develop a 3D CAD model of customized implant. The implant is designed to maintain the symmetry of mandible from right to left. The designed implant model is manufactured by Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM) techniques with a biocompatible material. The patient mandible prototype model was manufactured by AM process, which is helpful for pre-planning of surgical procedures. For these pre-planning surgical procedures, a perfect fit obtained during surgery. The patient ultimately regained reasonable mandible contour and appearance of the face.

IN VITRO HEPATOPROTECTIVE EFFECT OF ECHINOCHLOA COLONA ON ETHANOL-INDUCED OXIDATIVE DAMAGE IN HEPG2 CELLS

  Objective: The current study was aimed to evaluate the methanolic extract of caryopses of Echinochloa colona (ECME) for its in vitro hepatoprotective activity against ethanol in HepG2 cell lines.Methods: In this regard, the cytotoxicity studies were conducted for the extract, ECME using 3-(4,5-dimethythiazol- 2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide assay to determine the inhibitory concentration 50% value based on which, the doses 50, 100, and 200 μg/ml were selected for the hepatoprotective studies in HepG2 cell lines. The toxicity was induced using ethanol (100 mM). The in vitro hepatoprotective activity of the extract was assessed based on the changes in the level of biochemical parameters such as aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, and lactate dehydrogenase.Results: The extract, ECME has shown a dose-dependent cytoprotective activity with maximum protection at 200 μg/ml. The percentage cell viability of the extract, ECME at 200 μg/ml was more, i.e., 69.33% which was well comparable to that of standard drug, silymarin (100 μg/ml).Conclusion: The study revealed that the extract had shown significant hepatoprotective activity at all the test doses against ethanol-induced cytotoxity assay

Impulse Buying in the Digital Age: A Dimensional Study on Influencer Marketing Impact on Millennials

This study explores the relationship between influencer characteristics, consumer emotions, and self-construction in the context of impulse buying among millennials in the digital age. It examines how specific traits and qualities of influencers influence millennials' emotions and shape their self-identity during the process of impulse buying. The research investigates the dimensions of influencer marketing that have the most significant impact on millennials' emotional responses and their construction of self-image. By analysing the interplay between influencer characteristics, consumer emotions, and self-construction, this study provides valuable insights into the underlying mechanisms driving impulse buying behavior among millennials in the digital era. The results provide new insight into the power of influencers to sway customer behavior and suggest ways in which businesses may more successfully employ influencer marketing to connect with and convert young buyers

Secure Efficient On-Demand Insider Attacks Multicast Routing Protocol in Wireless Networks

Wireless multicast routing send and receives the data source to destination. High error rates, unfixed and changeable self of the signal power and broadcast change with time and environment regularly result in not effective links. These services more weak to internal attacks coming from compromised nodes that behave randomly to disrupt the network, also referred to as Inside attacks. Our method ensures that as long as a fault-free path exists between two node or multi nodes in multicast group they can communicate reliably even if an destroy majority of the network acts in a complex mode. Multicast Group is the link on different Multicast Group’s Group Leader in multi hops networks

HEPATOPROTECTIVE EFFECT OF THE METHANOLIC EXTRACT OF WHOLE PLANT OF BORRERIA ARTICULARIS ON CARBON TETRACHLORIDE INDUCED HEPATOTOXICITY IN ALBINO RATS

The hepatoprotective activity of methanolic extract of Borreria articularis (L.F) F.N. Willams: (Rubiaceae) at doses of 250 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg were evaluated by carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) intoxication in rats. The toxic group which received 25%CCl4inolive oil (1 ml/kg) per oral (p.o), alone exhibited significant increase in serum ALT, AST, ALP, TBlevels. It also exhibited significant (P<0.001) decrease in TP and ALB levels. The groups received pretreatment of Borreria articularis at a dose of 250 and 500 mg/kg b.w.p.o. had reduced the AST, ALT, ALP and TB levels and the effects were compared withstandarddrug(Silymarin100mg/kgb.w.p.o).Thetotal protein (TP) and albumin (ALB) levels were significantly increased in the animalsreceived pretreatment of the extract at the moderate and higher dose levels and the histopathological studies also supported the protective effect of the extract