82 research outputs found
Phase matching in -barium borate crystals for spontaneous parametric down-conversion
Spontaneous parametric down-conversion (SPDC) is the most widely used process
for generating entangled photon pairs. In SPDC, a pump photon interacts with a
nonlinear optical crystal and splits into two entangled photons called the
signal and the idler photons. The SPDC process has been studied extensively in
the last few decades for various pump and crystal configurations, and the
entangled photon pairs produced by SPDC have been used in numerous experimental
studies on quantum entanglement and entanglement-based real-world
quantum-information applications. In this tutorial article, we present a
thorough study of phase matching in -barium borate (BBO) crystals for
spontaneous parametric down-conversion and thereby also investigate the
generation of entangled photons in such crystals. First, we present a
theoretical derivation of two-photon wavefunction produced by SPDC in the
frequency and transverse momentum bases. We then discuss in detail the effects
due to various crystal and pump parameters including the length of the crystal,
the angle between the optic axis and the pump propagation direction, the pump
incidence angle on the crystal surface, the refraction at the crystal surfaces,
and the pump propagation direction inside the crystal. These effects are
extremely relevant in experimental situations. We then present our numerical
and experimental results in order to illustrate how various experimental
parameters affect the phase matching and thus the generation of entangled
photons. Finally, using the two-photon wavefunction in the transverse
wave-vector basis, we show how to derive the two-photon wavefunction in the OAM
basis and thereby calculate the two-photon angular Schmidt spectrum. We expect
this article to be useful for researchers working in various capacities with
entangled photons generated by SPDC in BBO crystals.Comment: 23 pages, 14 figure
Modelling and enterprises-the past, the present and the future.
Industry has been practicing model-driven development in various flavours. In general it can be said that modelling and use of models have delivered on the promises of platform independence, enhanced productivity, and delivery certainty as regards development of software-intensive systems. Globalization market forces, increased regulatory compliance, ever-increasing penetration of internet, and rapid advance of technology are some of the key drivers leading to increased business dynamics. Increased number of factors impacting the decision and interdependency amongst the key drivers is leading to increased complexity in making business decisions. Also, enterprise software systems need to commensurately change to quickly support the business decisions. The paper presents synthesis of our experience over a decade and half in developing model-driven development technology and using it to deliver several business-critical software systems worldwide
Information content of note transitions in the music of J. S. Bach
Music has a complex structure that expresses emotion and conveys information.
Humans process that information through imperfect cognitive instruments that
produce a gestalt, smeared version of reality. How can we quantify the
information contained in a piece of music? Further, what is the information
inferred by a human, and how does that relate to (and differ from) the true
structure of a piece? To tackle these questions quantitatively, we present a
framework to study the information conveyed in a musical piece by constructing
and analyzing networks formed by notes (nodes) and their transitions (edges).
Using this framework, we analyze music composed by J. S. Bach through the lens
of network science and information theory. Regarded as one of the greatest
composers in the Western music tradition, Bach's work is highly mathematically
structured and spans a wide range of compositional forms, such as fugues and
choral pieces. Conceptualizing each composition as a network of note
transitions, we quantify the information contained in each piece and find that
different kinds of compositions can be grouped together according to their
information content and network structure. Moreover, we find that the music
networks communicate large amounts of information while maintaining small
deviations of the inferred network from the true network, suggesting that they
are structured for efficient communication of information. We probe the network
structures that enable this rapid and efficient communication of
information--namely, high heterogeneity and strong clustering. Taken together,
our findings shed new light on the information and network properties of Bach's
compositions. More generally, our framework serves as a stepping stone for
exploring musical complexities, creativity and the structure of information in
a range of complex systems.Comment: 22 pages, 13 figure; discussion in section IV and VII expanded,
references added, results unchange
Valence fluctuation in CeReSi and Ising-type magnetic ordering in PrReSi single crystals
Single crystals of and have been
grown by Czochralski method in a tetra-arc furnace. Powder x-ray diffraction
confirmed that these compounds crystallize in the -type
tetragonal crystal structure with space group (No. 128). The
anisotropic physical properties have been studied comprehensively by measuring
the magnetic susceptibility, isothermal magnetization, electrical transport and
specific heat. The low value of magnetic susceptibility together with no
magnetic transition down to ~K gives evidence that the Ce-ions are in the
intermediate valence state in . On the other hand revealed a magnetic ordering at ~K. The sharp drop in the
magnetic susceptibility and a spin flip like metamagnetic transition, for
in the magnetization plot of suggest
an Ising-type antiferromagnetic ordering. Based on magnetic susceptibility and
isothermal magnetization data, a detailed crystal electric field (CEF) analysis
shows that degenerate Hund's rule derived ground state of ion splits into nine singlets with an overall splitting of ~K.
The magnetic ordering in is due to the exchange-generated
admixture of the lowest lying CEF energy levels. Heat capacity data reveal a
sharp peak at ~K, that confirms the bulk nature of the magnetic ordering in
.Comment: 9 pages, 8 figure
Positive Outcomes of Human Resources Engagement and Impact on Motivation
For this study, I don’t intend to show teachers as victims of their school, nor that Human
Resources is the only problem that needs to be fixed or that our education system is the issue.
We only intended to question why teachers are always blamed, and their needs are ignored
and always accused them of being demotivated. We mean to question how the education
system functions with the lack of Human Resources practices and the methods and ideas that
we can provide and help our teachers have a better future. We intend to discover what the best
way to motivate and engage teachers through Human Resources practices is. What makes the
admins dissatisfied with teachers’ performance, and is it the fault of the teachers. This study is
a series of concerns and problems teachers (including ourselves) came across through our
teaching years that nobody ever tried to see it from our point of view. This article is a group of
chains and ideas that will give more value to teachers and encourage Human Resources to be
more engaged and active in teachers lives through many methods and techniques.
Furthermore, teachers’ demotivation and lack of engagement are causing burnouts and
turnovers; we’ll try to show how Human Resources can help reduce these turnovers and burnouts through being more present and implement motivational systems and engagement
models. This article will review previous literature related to Human Resources engagement
and motivation positivity on teachers’ performance and productivity. It will discuss these
demotivating factors and assess their impact on teachers’ performance and end with. This
article will conclude by implementing more motivational and engagement systems and
programs to enhance teachers performance, reduce turnovers, and make schools a better
environment for students
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