Coexistence of <i>Lateriporus teres</i> (Cestoda: Dilepididae) and <i>Polymorphus phippsi</i> (Palaeacanthocephala: Polymorphidae) in the intestine of common eider

The purpose of the research is studying the peculiarities of parasite infection of the cestodes Lateriporus teres Krabbe, 1869 (Cestoda: Dilepididae) and acanthocephalans Polymorphus phippsi Kostylew, 1922 (Palaeacanthocephala: Polymorphidae) during coexistence in the intestine of the common eider, particularly, the localization of these parasites, the activity of protein and carbohydrate metabolism enzymes on the tegument of the worms, the degree of parasite influence on the host digestion, as well as to assess total digestive activity in the gastrointestinal tract of birds infected with these helminths.Materials and methods. Using methods of biochemical analysis, the activity of digestive enzymes (protease and glycosidase) and the intensity of a digestion with the participation of these enzymes along the intestine of the common eider were determined. The digestive activity of enzymes in the body of helminthes was measured, and the intensity of membrane digestion on the surface of their tegument was estimated.Results and discussion. During coexistence, L. teres were observed mainly in the proximal parts of the intestine of the birds, P. phippsi in the distal parts. Membrane digestion, involving the action of proteases and glycosidases, occurred on the surface of the tegument of both cestodes and acanthocephalans. The protein metabolism intensity in both helminth species was nearly the same, but the glycosidase activity was higher on the tegument of L. teres. The glycosidase activity in the body of the acanthocephalans exceeded that in the cestodes strobile six times. In the intestine parts inhabited by L. teres, both protease and glycosidase activity decreased. In the intestine parts where P. phippsi parasitized, protease activity increased in the intestinal mucosa of the common eider. The total activity of protease and glycosidase along the entire length of the intestine in common eider infected with L. teres and P. phippsi was lower compared to the uninfected birds

Financial and credit mechanism for attraction of real investments in a system of money flows regulation

Optimization of funding sources of real investments is a key stage in development and successful functioning of enterprises' investment activity. Currently big attention is drawn to questions of state and private partnership during development of investment projects, as well as to possible prospects of development of state and private interaction forms in investment sphere, and concessions particularly. Improvement of forms of interaction between state and corporate sector of economy in the sphere of real investments and as a part of development of specific priority investment programs requiring considerable investments has a strategic federal and regional value. Thus, it is important to understand role and benefit of each participant of the investment market, to define clear statutory, legislative and contractual base, and to swiftly analyze financial efficiency of real investments at all stages of realization. In modern conditions, stable development of economy of any country depends on condition of investment process. Need to integrate finance capital and to promote investment activity is obvious in new management conditions of market relations development. The main condition of successful investment activity at each stage is a choice of effective and correct finance and credit mechanism as a tool of real investments financing. Prior to suggest modern tools of such financing, it is necessary to analyze theoretically proved program and targeted method of real investments financing within the state and private partnership, in order to improve previously examined methodology. © 2015, Mediterranean Center of Social and Educational Research. All rights reserved

Partnership of State and Business in Transcaucasia: History and Current Trends

The article aims to present generally the dynamics of political and economic systems on the territory of Transcaucasia in the period from the second millennium BC to the present. This dynamics is seen as reflecting the historical experience of the Transcaucasian societies, whih is successively preserved at the present time. Institutional aspects are studied of public-private partnership projects currently being implemented by the South-Caucasian member states of the Eastern Partnership integration association

Dual Master’s Programs as a Tool for the Formation of a Single Educational Space of the EAEU

The relevance of the topic of the article is due to the key role of higher education in the formation of the necessary compe tencies for the scientific, technological and industrial sphere of the economy of a modern state.Aim. The purpose of the article is to consider the methodological and practical issues of designing double degree master’s programs in the field of business education as one of the effective tools for the formation of a single educational space of the Eurasian Economic Union. The issues of development and implementation of joint educational programs are considered on the example of an international educational project developed at the Department of Business Informatics of the North-Western Institute of Management of the RANEPA. A substantive description of the project is given, the choice of a partner organization is substantiated, criteria for evaluating the effectiveness of the project implementation are formulated.Tasks. Give a meaningful description of the international educational project (relevance, relevance, structure, methodology and methodological novelty, competencies being formed, etc.), justify the choice of a partner organization and formulate criteria for evaluating the effectiveness of the implementation of an educational project.Methods. System approach and expert-analytical methods of research (flow methods of expertise, expert assessments).Results. The proposed methodological approach to the implementation of educational projects in the format of double diplomas allows solving the problems of internationalization of higher education, forming systems thinking, skills in working with large amounts of data and modern application packages, making non-standard decisions in the economy among students of master’s programs based on modern learning technologies. The conceptual level of the proposed approach is formed by the concepts of student-centered learning, building an individual learning trajectory for undergraduate students. The process-methodological level of the proposed approach allows the introduction of modern innovative network technologies for the implementation of the content of the disciplines of the economic mathematical cycle and the cycle of information technology, the adaptation of national educational systems to international standards and the formation of a competitive educational environment.Conclusions. The priority areas for the implementation of international educational projects are: transferring international programs to the status of network programs implemented with leading universities (including the development of double diploma programs); bringing international programs to European quality standards and requirements of international accreditation agencies; passing the international joint professional and public accreditation of international educational programs

The effect of isostatic pressing on the quality indicators of plant products (the example of Lonicera Caerulea L.)

The results of studying quality indicators (organoleptic, physicochemical, microbiological) puree from the fruits of Lonicera caerulea L. (blue honeysuckle) before and after pressure treatment are presented. It was found that organoleptic and microbiological indicators meet the requirements established by the standard for these products. The content of organic acids in the puree during processing increases due to an increase in the level of lactic acid as a result of the destruction of sugars. The amount of vitamin C and sugars is reduced slightly. The content of anthocyanins undergoes the greatest changes, the amount of which decreases to a greater extent compared with other studied substance

Hypertension in Women of Reproductive Age in the United States: NHANES 1999-2008

Objective: To examine the epidemiology of hypertension in women of reproductive age. Methods: Using NHANES from 1999–2008, we identified 5,521 women age 20–44 years old. Hypertension status was determined using blood pressure measurements and/or self-reported medication use. Results: The estimated prevalence of hypertension in women of reproductive age was 7.7% (95% confidence interval (CI): 6.9%–8.5%). The prevalence of anti-hypertensive pharmacologic therapy was 4.2% (95% CI 3.5%–4.9%). The prevalence of hypertension was relatively stable across the study period; the age and race adjusted odds of hypertension in 2007–2008 did not differ significantly from 1999–2000 (odds ratio 1.2, CI 0.8 to 1.7, p = 0.45). Significant independent risk factors associated with hypertension included older age, non-Hispanic black race (compared to non-Hispanic whites), diabetes mellitus, chronic kidney disease, and higher body mass index. The most commonly used antihypertensive medications included diuretics, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE), and beta blockers. Conclusion: Hypertension occurs in about 8% of women of reproductive age. There are remarkable differences in the prevalence of hypertension between racial/ethnic groups. Obesity is a risk factor of particular importance in this population because it affects over 30% of young women in the U.S., is associated with more than 4 fold increased risk of hypertension, and is potentially modifiable

Melatonin in Th17/Treg differentiation: the contribution of the hormone's own production by T lymphocytes

The hormone melatonin is involved in regulation of functioning of almost all organs and systems of the organism. In the immune system, T lymphocytes are an important target of melatonin: they express specific melatonin receptors with different affinities – membrane MT1 and MT2 and nuclear RORa, as well as intracellular molecules that nonspecifically bind melatonin at high concentrations. Moreover, many in vitro studies reveal their own production of melatonin by T lymphocytes in response to polyclonal activation and its involvement as autocrine or paracrine factor in the induction of IL-2 and IL-2 receptor (IL-2R) synthesis by T cells, with melatonin receptors involvement in implementation of these effects. Since IL-2/IL-2R-dependent signal is a key event in T lymphocytes proliferative response induction, intrinsic melatonin seems to be directly involved at least in the clonal expansion of these cells. In this work, we investigated the contribution of T cells’ melatonin to regulation of the next stage of T lymphocyte activation, namely, the differentiation of T helper populations Th17 and Treg. It was shown that blockade of both membrane and nuclear melatonin receptors did not cause statistically significant changes in Th17 differentiation, although the trend was fixed for a decrease. Simultaneously, CD4+FoxP3+Т cells level decreased under the nonselective blockade of membrane hormone receptors, and Treg-associated cytokine TGF-b concentration in activated cultures supernatants decreased both in case of MT1/MT2 nonselective blockade and MT2 selective blockade. The data indicate that melatonin produced by T lymphocytes in culture can contribute to the control of naive CD4+T cell differentiation into Treg in vitro, and the hormone effects are mediated by membrane melatonin receptors. The presence of a large number targets with different affinities for melatonin in T lymphocytes determines the key role of the hormone concentration in its effects on these cells. And when interpreting data on melatonin-dependent regulation of Treg, it is important to take into account the hormone’s own production by lymphocytes, since T cells’ melatonin can mask the exogenous hormone effects or interfere with its action due to competitive binding to hormone receptors

ОСОБЕННОСТИ ОБМЕНА ВЕЩЕСТВ ПТЕНЦОВ МОЕВКИ Rissa tri-dactyla (Linnaeus, 1758) ПРИ ИНВАЗИИ ЦЕСТОДАМИ

The results of the research of the parameters of the proteins, carbohydrates, lipids and minerals metabolisms of chicks kittiwakes (Rissa tridactyla) are presented. The comparative analysis of the biochemical parameters of blood plasma noninfected birds and birds infected by Alcataenia larina, Tetrabothrius immerinus and Diphyllobothrium dendriticum are carried out. The most remarkable changes in metabolism note for chicks infected by A. larina and D. dendriticum. The peculiarities of the impact of species of the cestodes on metabolism of chicks are discussed.Приведены результаты исследования параметров белкового, углеводного, липидного и минерального обменов птенцов моевки Rissa tridactyla. Дан сравнительный анализ биохимических показателей плазмы крови незараженных моевок и птиц, инвазированных цестодами Alcataenia larina, Tetrabothrius immerinus и Diphyllobothrium dendriticum. Наиболее заметные изменения в обмене веществ отмечены у птенцов моевки, инвазированных A. larina и D. dendriticum. Рассмотрено влияние цестод на организм птенцов

Совместное паразитирование Lateriporus teres (Cestoda: Dilepididae) и Polymorphus phippsi (Palaeacanthocephala: Polymorphidae) в тонком кишечнике обыкновенной гаги

The purpose of the research is studying the peculiarities of parasite infection of the cestodes Lateriporus teres Krabbe, 1869 (Cestoda: Dilepididae) and acanthocephalans Polymorphus phippsi Kostylew, 1922 (Palaeacanthocephala: Polymorphidae) during coexistence in the intestine of the common eider, particularly, the localization of these parasites, the activity of protein and carbohydrate metabolism enzymes on the tegument of the worms, the degree of parasite influence on the host digestion, as well as to assess total digestive activity in the gastrointestinal tract of birds infected with these helminths.Materials and methods. Using methods of biochemical analysis, the activity of digestive enzymes (protease and glycosidase) and the intensity of a digestion with the participation of these enzymes along the intestine of the common eider were determined. The digestive activity of enzymes in the body of helminthes was measured, and the intensity of membrane digestion on the surface of their tegument was estimated.Results and discussion. During coexistence, L. teres were observed mainly in the proximal parts of the intestine of the birds, P. phippsi in the distal parts. Membrane digestion, involving the action of proteases and glycosidases, occurred on the surface of the tegument of both cestodes and acanthocephalans. The protein metabolism intensity in both helminth species was nearly the same, but the glycosidase activity was higher on the tegument of L. teres. The glycosidase activity in the body of the acanthocephalans exceeded that in the cestodes strobile six times. In the intestine parts inhabited by L. teres, both protease and glycosidase activity decreased. In the intestine parts where P. phippsi parasitized, protease activity increased in the intestinal mucosa of the common eider. The total activity of protease and glycosidase along the entire length of the intestine in common eider infected with L. teres and P. phippsi was lower compared to the uninfected birds.Цель исследований: изучение особенностей паразитирования в кишечнике обыкновенной гаги цестод Lateriporus teres Krabbe, 1869 (Cestoda: Dilepididae) и скребней Polymorphus phippsi Kostylew, 1922 (Palaeacanthocephala: Polymorphidae) при совместной инвазии и оценка общей пищеварительной активности в желудочно-кишечном тракте птиц, зараженных указанными гельминтами.Материалы и методы. Используя методы биохимического анализа, определяли активность пищеварительных ферментов (протеаз и гликозидаз) и интенсивность пищеварения с участием этих ферментов в кишечнике обыкновенной гаги. Измеряли пищеварительную активность ферментов в стробиле гельминтов, а также оценивали интенсивность мембранного пищеварения на поверхности их тегумента.Результаты и обсуждение. Установлено, что при совместном заражении цестоды L. teres встречались главным образом в проксимальных отделах кишечника птиц, скребни P. phippsi – в дистальных отделах. Показано, что на поверхности тела цестод и скребней происходили процессы мембранного пищеварения с участием протеаз и гликозидаз. При этом, интенсивность белкового обмена у обоих гельминтов была одинаковой, а активность гликозидаз была выше на тегументе L. teres. Установлено, что активность гликозидаз в теле скребней в 6 раз превышала активность гликозидаз в стробиле цестод. В участках кишечника, где были локализованы цестоды L. teres, отмечено понижение активности протеаз и гликозидаз. В отделах, где паразитировали скребни P. phippsi, в слизистой оболочке кишечника повышалась активность протеаз. Суммарная активность протеаз и гликозидаз вдоль всей длины кишечника у обыкновенных гаг, зараженных L. teres и P. phippsi, уменьшалась по сравнению с птицами, свободными от инвазии этими гельминтами