Martin Walde, Wie man seine Sprache hassen lernt, [Comment on apprend à détester sa langue]

L’auteur s’attache dans ce livre à démonter les mécanismes psychiques qui amènent les minoritaires à détester leur langue. Il expose comment cette détestation est la réplique du mépris d’un environnement majoritaire, mépris qu’elle finit par intérioriser. Il s’appuie pour cela sur le processus historique, pour montrer comment la situation d’infériorité dans laquelle ont été constamment tenus les Sorabes a déterminé chez eux un profond complexe d’infériorité affectant l’image qu’ils se font d’..

Beno Budar, Sym měła tajki strach : poslednje dny 2. swětoweje wójny w Serbach, [J’ai eu tellement peur : les derniers jours de la Seconde Guerre mondiale en pays sorabe]

Ce livre présente 74 interviews de femmes que l’écrivain Beno Budar a patiemment collectées pendant plus de 20 ans après la chute du Mur. Ces récits émanent pour l’essentiel de paysannes sorabes qui racontent ces journées tragiques pendant lesquelles la guerre a traversé la Haute-Lusace en avril-mai 1945. L’arrivée des réfugiés, la retraite allemande, les bombardements et les duels d’artillerie, la percée des troupes du maréchal Koniev et des forces polonaises du général Świerczewski, la con..

Une saga sorabe

Le titre du roman de Křesćan Krawc est Paradiz (le Paradis), c’est un lieu, une propriété familiale comprenant une maison, une petite usine et un jardin dans la serbska hola, la lande sablonneuse entre Haute et Basse-Lusace. C’est le roman d’une famille sorabe, la famille Šewc, une sorte de dynastie, depuis le grand-père jusqu’au petit-fils Jan-Pawoł, qui apparaît comme enfant sous le nom de Janek, le narrateur, derrière lequel on devine l’auteur. C’est le monde et l’Histoire vus par les yeux d’un enfant, c’est-à-dire naïvement, mais sobrement, avec réalisme, sans concessions, sans parti pris idéologique. On y voit une société paysanne qui a conservé une forte identité, ses modes de pensée et sa façon de parler. Chemin faisant, des tabous sont d’ailleurs levés. La narration se déroule comme un film dont les séquences correspondent au temps de l’enfant, entre une mère courageuse et un père patriote et entreprenant, même si l’Histoire reste la trame du récit : la guerre, l’après-guerre, et la RDA socialiste.The title of Křesćan Krawc’s novel is Paradiz (Paradise). It is a place in the serbska hola, a sandy moor lying between High and Low Lusatia and a family property. It is also the story of the Šewces, a Sorbian family who is a kind of dynasty running from the grandfather down to the grandson Jan Pawoł, named Jank, i.e. the story-teller. The world is seen through a child’s eyes, i.e. with naivety and sobriety, with a realistic approach, without prejudice of any kind nor ideological tendency. The back- ground is a rural society that has kept a strong identity as well as its ways of living, thinking and speaking. Some taboos may be lifted here and there. The narration develops like a film and the sequences correspond to the feeling a child has of time, but History remains the red thread: the war, the postwar, the socialist society of the GDR. At the heart of the narrative we find the child, a brave mother and an enterprising father who is a true Sorbian patriot

Introduction

Carte du domaine sorabe D’après « Die nationale Minderheit der Sorben in Vergangenheit und Gegenwart », Europa Regional, 10, 2002, p. 76. contenu de la carte : H. Paulig, cartographie : M. Schmiedel Pourquoi un dossier sorabe ? C’est la première fois que la Revue des études slaves consacre un numéro thématique aux Sorabes. Le projet est ancien : nous en avions parlé avec Jacques Catteau voilà plusieurs années. Mais, comme on dit, la roue de l’Histoire a tourné depuis. Le Mur est tombé, il y..

Beno Budar, Tež ja mějach zbožo : Serbscy wojacy w 2. swětowej wójnje, [Moi aussi j’ai eu de la chance : les soldats sorabes pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale]

S’il y a un tabou, c’est bien le sort des Sorabes qui ont fait la guerre dans les rangs de la Wehrmacht ; on pense évidemment aux « malgré nous » d’Alsace-Lorraine. Il faut savoir que la persécution et la répression se sont abattues en Lusace sur une minorité que les Nazis considéraient comme dangereux : les militants nationalistes et patriotes sorabes affirmés, les instituteurs, les prêtres, les écrivains, les intellectuels d’une manière générale. Mais le fait de nier l’identité sorabe et d’..

Comment les écrivains sorabes ont perçu la RDA

Es sollte lehrreich sein nachzusehen, wie die sorbischen Schriftsteller die DDR wahrgenommen haben, da die Sorben in diesem Staate die einzige ethnische Minderheit bildeten ; man darf also annnehmen, dass die angeführten Meinungen, Standpunkte, Bemerkungen oder Andeutungen der sorbischen Bevölkerung zuzumuten sind. Wie die sorbischen Schriftsteller zur DDR standen änderte sich aber im Lauf der 40 Jahre des Staates. In den Jahren, die dem Zusammenbruch folgten, standen sie hinter einem Regime, das den Sorben mehrere kulturelle Institutionen gewährte, die sie vorher nie gekannt hatten. Je mehr immerhin die Regierung auf Methoden zurückgriff, die demokratischen Praktiken fremd waren, desto mehr distanzierten sich die Schriftsteller von der Macht. Sie lernten ihre Sprache zu verkleiden und Berichte und Erzählungen hinter der Parabel oder dem Humor zu maskieren. Ab 1990 sprachen sie alles aus, was sie bis dahin verschwiegen hatten. Ihre Kritiken blieben jedoch gemäßigt, denn sie hatten vor, einen günstigen Status nie in Frage zu stellen, der den Sorben zum erstenmal in der Geschichte gerade durch die DDR zugesichert worden war.It might be interesting to examine the attitude of the Sorbian writers towards the GDR, since the Sorbs were the only ethnic minority of the country and one can assume that their writings reflect the approach of the Sorbian population. That attitude evolved during the 40 years of the GDR’s existence. At the beginning, soon after the end of the Second World War, the Sorbian writers supported a new regime, that granted the Sorbians many cultural institutions, a privilege they had not known before. But as the regime became more and more authoritarian, the Sorbians were progressively faced with measures far from a democratic practice. The writers learned to mask their remarks, for caution was recommended. From 1990 on, the writers expressed freely what they had had previously to keep for themselves. However, those critics were always moderate, because the Sorbian writers never wanted to jeopardise a status the Sorbian population had been granted by the GDR for the first time in History

Jurij Koch, Zabych ći něšto rjec [J’ai oublié de te dire quelque chose]

Jurij Koch est avec Jurij Brězan l’écrivain sorabe le plus important du xxe siècle. Depuis la mort de ce dernier, il joue le rôle du patriarche des lettres sorabes, même s’il est resté très actif et défend toujours des positions de militant écologiste. C’est sans doute l’âge (il est né en 1936) qui l’a amené à se pencher sur son enfance, qu’il n’avait jusque-là jamais décrite. C’est l’occasion d’évoquer avec force détails le souvenir d’une voisine, une jeune juive qui lui a inspiré son premi..

Piotr Pałys, Państwa słowianskie wobec Łużyc w latach 1945-1948

L’auteur resitue la question sorabe au lendemain de la Seconde Guerre mondiale par rapport à l’attitude des pays slaves. Il rappelle l’attitude spontanée des populations nourries du slavisme ambiant après l’effondrement de l’Allemagne nazie, et montre que l’attitude des gouvernements s’explique, dans la plupart des cas, par des considérations d’ordre politique et d’intérêt national. Il souligne que c’est la position soviétique qui aura une influence prédominante sur les gouvernements slaves, ..

Impact of Neuronal Membrane Damage on the Local Field Potential in a Large-Scale Simulation of Cerebral Cortex

Within multiscale brain dynamics, the structure–function relationship between cellular changes at a lower scale and coordinated oscillations at a higher scale is not well understood. This relationship may be particularly relevant for understanding functional impairments after a mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) when current neuroimaging methods do not reveal morphological changes to the brain common in moderate to severe TBI such as diffuse axonal injury or gray matter lesions. Here, we created a physiology-based model of cerebral cortex using a publicly released modeling framework (GEneral NEural SImulation System) to explore the possibility that performance deficits characteristic of blast-induced mTBI may reflect dysfunctional, local network activity influenced by microscale neuronal damage at the cellular level. We operationalized microscale damage to neurons as the formation of pores on the neuronal membrane based on research using blast paradigms, and in our model, pores were simulated by a change in membrane conductance. We then tracked changes in simulated electrical activity. Our model contained 585 simulated neurons, comprised of 14 types of cortical and thalamic neurons each with its own compartmental morphology and electrophysiological properties. Comparing the functional activity of neurons before and after simulated damage, we found that simulated pores in the membrane reduced both action potential generation and local field potential (LFP) power in the 1–40 Hz range of the power spectrum. Furthermore, the location of damage modulated the strength of these effects: pore formation on simulated axons reduced LFP power more strongly than did pore formation on the soma and the dendrites. These results indicate that even small amounts of cellular damage can negatively impact functional activity of larger scale oscillations, and our findings suggest that multiscale modeling provides a promising avenue to elucidate these relationships

Framing and Context of the Report

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is the leading international body for assessing the science related to climate change. It provides policymakers with regular assessments of the scientific basis of human-induced climate change, its impacts and future risks, and options for adaptation and mitigation. This IPCC Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate is the most comprehensive and up-to-date assessment of the observed and projected changes to the ocean and cryosphere and their associated impacts and risks, with a focus on resilience, risk management response options, and adaptation measures, considering both their potential and limitations. It brings together knowledge on physical and biogeochemical changes, the interplay with ecosystem changes, and the implications for human communities. It serves policymakers, decision makers, stakeholders, and all interested parties with unbiased, up-to-date, policy-relevant information. Chapter 1: This special report assesses new knowledge since the IPCC 5th Assessment Report (AR5) and the Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5ºC (SR15) on how the ocean and cryosphere have and are expected to change with ongoing global warming, the risks and opportunities these changes bring to ecosystems and people, and mitigation, adaptation and governance options for reducing future risks. Chapter 1 provides context on the importance of the ocean and cryosphere, and the framework for the assessments in subsequent chapters of the report. All people on Earth depend directly or indirectly on the ocean and cryosphere. The fundamental roles of the ocean and cryosphere in the Earth system include the uptake and redistribution of anthropogenic carbon dioxide and heat by the ocean, as well as their crucial involvement of in the hydrological cycle. The cryosphere also amplifies climate changes through snow, ice and permafrost feedbacks. Services provided to people by the ocean and/or cryosphere include food and freshwater, renewable energy, health and wellbeing, cultural values, trade and transport. {1.1, 1.2, 1.5} Sustainable development is at risk from emerging and intensifying ocean and cryosphere changes. Ocean and cryosphere changes interact with each of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Progress on climate action (SDG 13) would reduce risks to aspects of sustainable development that are fundamentally linked to the ocean and cryosphere and the services they provide (high confidence1 ). Progress on achieving the SDGs can contribute to reducing the exposure or vulnerabilities of people and communities to the risks of ocean and cryosphere change (medium confidence). {1.1} Communities living in close connection with polar, mountain, and coastal environments are particularly exposed to the current and future hazards of ocean and cryosphere change. Coasts are home to approximately 28% of the global population, including around 11% living on land less than 10 m above sea level. Almost 10% of the global population lives in the Arctic or high mountain regions. People in these regions face the greatest exposure to ocean and cryosphere change, and poor and marginalised people here are particularly vulnerable to climate-related hazards and risks (very high confidence). The adaptive capacity of people, communities and nations is shaped by social, political, cultural, economic, technological, institutional, geographical and demographic factors. {1.1, 1.5, 1.6, Cross-Chapter Box 2 in Chapter 1} Ocean and cryosphere changes are pervasive and observedfrom high mountains, to the polar regions, to coasts, and intothe deep ocean. AR5 assessed that the ocean is warming (0 to700 m: virtually certain2; 700 to 2,000 m: likely), sea level is rising(high confidence), and ocean acidity is increasing (high confidence).Most glaciers are shrinking (high confidence), the Greenland andAntarctic ice sheets are losing mass (high confidence), sea ice extent inthe Arctic is decreasing (very high confidence), Northern Hemispheresnow cover is decreasing (very high confidence), and permafrosttemperatures are increasing (high confidence). Improvementssince AR5 in observation systems, techniques, reconstructions andmodel developments, have advanced scientific characterisationand understanding of ocean and cryosphere change, including inpreviously identified areas of concern such as ice sheets and AtlanticMeridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC). {1.1, 1.4, 1.8.1}Evidence and understanding of the human causes of climatewarming, and of associated ocean and cryosphere changes,has increased over the past 30 years of IPCC assessments (veryhigh confidence). Human activities are estimated to have causedapproximately 1.0ºC of global warming above pre-industrial levels(SR15). Areas of concern in earlier IPCC reports, such as the expectedacceleration of sea level rise, are now observed (high confidence).Evidence for expected slow-down of AMOC is emerging in sustainedobservations and from long-term palaeoclimate reconstructions(medium confidence), and may be related with anthropogenic forcingaccording to model simulations, although this remains to be properlyattributed. Significant sea level rise contributions from Antarctic icesheet mass loss (very high confidence), which earlier reports did notexpect to manifest this century, are already being observed. {1.1, 1.4}Ocean and cryosphere changes and risks by the end-of-century(2081?2100) will be larger under high greenhouse gas emissionscenarios, compared with low emission scenarios (very highconfidence). Projections and assessments of future climate, oceanand cryosphere changes in the Special Report on the Ocean andCryosphere in a Changing Climate (SROCC) are commonly basedon coordinated climate model experiments from the Coupled ModelIntercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) forced with RepresentativeConcentration Pathways (RCPs) of future radiative forcing. Currentemissions continue to grow at a rate consistent with a high emissionfuture without effective climate change mitigation policies (referredto as RCP8.5). The SROCC assessment contrasts this high greenhousegas emission future with a low greenhouse gas emission, highmitigation future (referred to as RCP2.6) that gives a two in threechance of limiting warming by the end of the century to less than 2oC above pre-industrial. {Cross-Chapter Box 1 in Chapter 1} Characteristics of ocean and cryosphere change include thresholds of abrupt change, long-term changes that cannot be avoided, and irreversibility (high confidence). Ocean warming, acidification and deoxygenation, ice sheet and glacier mass loss, and permafrost degradation are expected to be irreversible on time scales relevant to human societies and ecosystems. Long response times of decades to millennia mean that the ocean and cryosphere are committed to long-term change even after atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations and radiative forcing stabilise (high confidence). Ice-melt or the thawing of permafrost involve thresholds (state changes) that allow for abrupt, nonlinear responses to ongoing climate warming (high confidence). These characteristics of ocean and cryosphere change pose risks and challenges to adaptation. {1.1, Box 1.1, 1.3} Societies will be exposed, and challenged to adapt, to changes in the ocean and cryosphere even if current and future efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions keep global warming well below 2ºC (very high confidence). Ocean and cryosphere-related mitigation and adaptation measures include options that address the causes of climate change, support biological and ecological adaptation, or enhance societal adaptation. Most ocean-based local mitigation and adaptation measures have limited effectiveness to mitigate climate change and reduce its consequences at the global scale, but are useful to implement because they address local risks, often have co-benefits such as biodiversity conservation, and have few adverse side effects. Effective mitigation at a global scale will reduce the need and cost of adaptation, and reduce the risks of surpassing limits to adaptation. Ocean-based carbon dioxide removal at the global scale has potentially large negative ecosystem consequences. {1.6.1, 1.6.2, Cross-Chapter Box 2 in Chapter 1} The scale and cross-boundary dimensions of changes in the ocean and cryosphere challenge the ability of communities, cultures and nations to respond effectively within existing governance frameworks (high confidence). Profound economic and institutional transformations are needed if climate-resilient development is to be achieved (high confidence). Changes in the ocean and cryosphere, the ecosystem services that they provide, the drivers of those changes, and the risks to marine, coastal, polar and mountain ecosystems, occur on spatial and temporal scales that may not align within existing governance structures and practices (medium confidence). This report highlights the requirements for transformative governance, international and transboundary cooperation, and greater empowerment of local communities in the governance of the ocean, coasts, and cryosphere in a changing climate. {1.5, 1.7, Cross-Chapter Box 2 in Chapter 1, Cross-Chapter Box 3 in Chapter 1} Robust assessments of ocean and cryosphere change, and the development of context-specific governance and response options, depend on utilising and strengthening all available knowledge systems (high confidence). Scientific knowledge from observations, models and syntheses provides global to local scale understandings of climate change (very high confidence). Indigenous knowledge (IK) and local knowledge (LK) provide context-specific and socio-culturally relevant understandings for effective responses and policies (medium confidence). Education and climate literacy enable climate action and adaptation (high confidence). {1.8, Cross-Chapter Box 4 in Chapter 1} Long-term sustained observations and continued modelling are critical for detecting, understanding and predicting ocean and cryosphere change, providing the knowledge to inform risk assessments and adaptation planning (high confidence). Knowledge gaps exist in scientific knowledge for important regions, parameters and processes of ocean and cryosphere change, including for physically plausible, high impact changes like high end sea level rise scenarios that would be costly if realised without effective adaptation planning and even then may exceed limits to adaptation. Means such as expert judgement, scenario building, and invoking multiple lines of evidence enable comprehensive risk assessments even in cases of uncertain future ocean and cryosphere changes.Fil: Abram, Nerilie. Australian National University; AustraliaFil: Gattuso, Jean Pierre. Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; FranciaFil: Prakash, Anjal. Teri School Of Advanced Studies; IndiaFil: Cheng, Lijing. Chinese Academy Of Science; ChinaFil: Chidichimo, María Paz. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Ministerio de Defensa. Armada Argentina. Servicio de Hidrografía Naval. Departamento Oceanografía; ArgentinaFil: Crate, Susan. George Mason University; Estados UnidosFil: Enomoto, H.. National Polar Agency; JapónFil: Garschagen, M.. Technische Universitat München; AlemaniaFil: Gruber, N.. Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich; SuizaFil: Harper, S.. University Of Alberta. Faculty Of Agricultural, Life And Environmental Sciences. Departament Of Agricultural, Food And Nutritional Science.; CanadáFil: Holland, Elisabeth. University Of South Pacific; FiyiFil: Kudela, Raphael Martin. University of California at San Diego. Scripps Institution of Oceanography; Estados UnidosFil: Rice, Jake. University of Toronto; CanadáFil: Steffen, Konrad. Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research; SuizaFil: Von Schuckmann, Karina. Mercator Ocean International; Franci